CLI Book 2: Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide, 9.1

NAT Types Overview

You can implement NAT using the following methods:

• Static NAT—A consistent mapping between a real and mapped IP address. Allows bidirectional traffic initiation. See the “Static NAT” section.
• Dynamic NAT—A group of real IP addresses are mapped to a (usually smaller) group of mapped IP addresses, on a first come, first served basis. Only the real host can initiate traffic. See the “Dynamic NAT” section.
• Dynamic Port Address Translation (PAT)—A group of real IP addresses are mapped to a single IP address using a unique source port of that IP address. See the “Dynamic PAT” section.
• Identity NAT—A real address is statically translated to itself, essentially bypassing NAT. You might want to configure NAT this way when you want to translate a large group of addresses, but then want to exempt a smaller subset of addresses. See the “Identity NAT” section.

Static NAT

This section describes static NAT and includes the following topics:

• Information About Static NAT
• Information About Static NAT with Port Translation
• Information About One-to-Many Static NAT
• Information About Other Mapping Scenarios (Not Recommended)

Information About Static NAT

Static NAT creates a fixed translation of a real address to a mapped address. Because the mapped address is the same for each consecutive connection, static NAT allows bidirectional connection initiation, both to and from the host (if an access rule exists that allows it). With dynamic NAT and PAT, on the other hand, each host uses a different address or port for each subsequent translation, so bidirectional initiation is not supported.

Figure 3-1 shows a typical static NAT scenario. The translation is always active so both real and remote hosts can initiate connections.

Figure 3-1 Static NAT

Note You can disable bidirectionality if desired.

Information About Static NAT with Port Translation

Static NAT with port translation lets you specify a real and mapped protocol (TCP or UDP) and port.

This section includes the following topics:

• Information About Static NAT with Port Address Translation
• Static NAT with Identity Port Translation
• Static NAT with Port Translation for Non-Standard Ports
• Static Interface NAT with Port Translation

Information About Static NAT with Port Address Translation

When you specify the port with static NAT, you can choose to map the port and/or the IP address to the same value or to a different value.

Figure 3-2 shows a typical static NAT with port translation scenario showing both a port that is mapped to itself and a port that is mapped to a different value; the IP address is mapped to a different value in both cases. The translation is always active so both translated and remote hosts can initiate connections.

Figure 3-2 Typical Static NAT with Port Translation Scenario

Note For applications that require application inspection for secondary channels (for example, FTP and VoIP), the ASA automatically translates the secondary ports.

Static NAT with Identity Port Translation

The following static NAT with port translation example provides a single address for remote users to access FTP, HTTP, and SMTP. These servers are actually different devices on the real network, but for each server, you can specify static NAT with port translation rules that use the same mapped IP address, but different ports.

Static NAT with Port Translation for Non-Standard Ports

You can also use static NAT with port translation to translate a well-known port to a non-standard port or vice versa. For example, if inside web servers use port 8080, you can allow outside users to connect to port 80, and then undo translation to the original port 8080. Similarly, to provide extra security, you can tell web users to connect to non-standard port 6785, and then undo translation to port 80.

Static Interface NAT with Port Translation

You can configure static NAT to map a real address to an interface address/port combination. For example, if you want to redirect Telnet access for the ASA outside interface to an inside host, then you can map the inside host IP address/port 23 to the ASA interface address/port 23. (Note that although Telnet to the ASA is not allowed to the lowest security interface, static NAT with interface port translation redirects the Telnet session instead of denying it).

Information About One-to-Many Static NAT

Typically, you configure static NAT with a one-to-one mapping. However, in some cases, you might want to configure a single real address to several mapped addresses (one-to-many). When you configure one-to-many static NAT, when the real host initiates traffic, it always uses the first mapped address. However, for traffic initiated to the host, you can initiate traffic to any of the mapped addresses, and they will be untranslated to the single real address.

Figure 3-3 shows a typical one-to-many static NAT scenario. Because initiation by the real host always uses the first mapped address, the translation of real host IP/1st mapped IP is technically the only bidirectional translation.

Figure 3-3 One-to-Many Static NAT

For example, you have a load balancer at 10.1.2.27. Depending on the URL requested, it redirects traffic to the correct web server.

Information About Other Mapping Scenarios (Not Recommended)

The ASA has the flexibility to allow any kind of static mapping scenario: one-to-one, one-to-many, but also few-to-many, many-to-few, and many-to-one mappings. We recommend using only one-to-one or one-to-many mappings. These other mapping options might result in unintended consequences.

Functionally, few-to-many is the same as one-to-many; but because the configuration is more complicated and the actual mappings may not be obvious at a glance, we recommend creating a one-to-many configuration for each real address that requires it. For example, for a few-to-many scenario, the few real addresses are mapped to the many mapped addresses in order (A to 1, B to 2, C to 3). When all real addresses are mapped, the next mapped address is mapped to the first real address, and so on until all mapped addresses are mapped (A to 4, B to 5, C to 6). This results in multiple mapped addresses for each real address. Just like a one-to-many configuration, only the first mappings are bidirectional; subsequent mappings allow traffic to be initiated to the real host, but all traffic from the real host uses only the first mapped address for the source.

Figure 3-4 shows a typical few-to-many static NAT scenario.

Figure 3-4 Few-to-Many Static NAT

For a many-to-few or many-to-one configuration, where you have more real addresses than mapped addresses, you run out of mapped addresses before you run out of real addresses. Only the mappings between the lowest real IP addresses and the mapped pool result in bidirectional initiation. The remaining higher real addresses can initiate traffic, but traffic cannot be initiated to them (returning traffic for a connection is directed to the correct real address because of the unique 5-tuple (source IP, destination IP, source port, destination port, protocol) for the connection).

Note Many-to-few or many-to-one NAT is not PAT. If two real hosts use the same source port number and go to the same outside server and the same TCP destination port, and both hosts are translated to the same IP address, then both connections will be reset because of an address conflict (the 5-tuple is not unique).

Figure 3-5 shows a typical many-to-few static NAT scenario.

Figure 3-5 Many-to-Few Static NAT

Instead of using a static rule this way, we suggest that you create a one-to-one rule for the traffic that needs bidirectional initiation, and then create a dynamic rule for the rest of your addresses.

Dynamic NAT

This section describes dynamic NAT and includes the following topics:

• Information About Dynamic NAT
• Dynamic NAT Disadvantages and Advantages

Information About Dynamic NAT

Dynamic NAT translates a group of real addresses to a pool of mapped addresses that are routable on the destination network. The mapped pool typically includes fewer addresses than the real group. When a host you want to translate accesses the destination network, the ASA assigns the host an IP address from the mapped pool. The translation is created only when the real host initiates the connection. The translation is in place only for the duration of the connection, and a given user does not keep the same IP address after the translation times out. Users on the destination network, therefore, cannot initiate a reliable connection to a host that uses dynamic NAT, even if the connection is allowed by an access rule.

Figure 3-6 shows a typical dynamic NAT scenario. Only real hosts can create a NAT session, and responding traffic is allowed back.

Figure 3-6 Dynamic NAT

Note For the duration of the translation, a remote host can initiate a connection to the translated host if an access rule allows it. Because the address is unpredictable, a connection to the host is unlikely. Nevertheless, in this case you can rely on the security of the access rule.

Dynamic NAT Disadvantages and Advantages

Dynamic NAT has these disadvantages:

• If the mapped pool has fewer addresses than the real group, you could run out of addresses if the amount of traffic is more than expected.

Use PAT or a PAT fallback method if this event occurs often because PAT provides over 64,000 translations using ports of a single address.

• You have to use a large number of routable addresses in the mapped pool, and routable addresses may not be available in large quantities.

The advantage of dynamic NAT is that some protocols cannot use PAT. PAT does not work with the following:

• IP protocols that do not have a port to overload, such as GRE version 0.
• Some multimedia applications that have a data stream on one port, the control path on another port, and are not open standard.

See the “Default Settings and NAT Limitations” section for more information about NAT and PAT support.

Dynamic PAT

This section describes dynamic PAT and includes the following topics:

• Information About Dynamic PAT
• Per-Session PAT vs. Multi-Session PAT
• Dynamic PAT Disadvantages and Advantages

Information About Dynamic PAT

Dynamic PAT translates multiple real addresses to a single mapped IP address by translating the real address and source port to the mapped address and a unique port. If available, the real source port number is used for the mapped port. However, if the real port is not available, by default the mapped ports are chosen from the same range of ports as the real port number: 0 to 511, 512 to 1023, and 1024 to 65535. Therefore, ports below 1024 have only a small PAT pool that can be used. If you have a lot of traffic that uses the lower port ranges, you can specify a flat range of ports to be used instead of the three unequal-sized tiers.

Each connection requires a separate translation session because the source port differs for each connection. For example, 10.1.1.1:1025 requires a separate translation from 10.1.1.1:1026.

Figure 3-7 shows a typical dynamic PAT scenario. Only real hosts can create a NAT session, and responding traffic is allowed back. The mapped address is the same for each translation, but the port is dynamically assigned.

Figure 3-7 Dynamic PAT

After the connection expires, the port translation also expires. For multi-session PAT, the PAT timeout is used, 30 seconds by default. For per-session PAT, the xlate is immediately removed. Users on the destination network cannot reliably initiate a connection to a host that uses PAT (even if the connection is allowed by an access rule).

Note For the duration of the translation, a remote host can initiate a connection to the translated host if an access rule allows it. Because the port address (both real and mapped) is unpredictable, a connection to the host is unlikely. Nevertheless, in this case you can rely on the security of the access rule.

Per-Session PAT vs. Multi-Session PAT

The per-session PAT feature improves the scalability of PAT and, for clustering, allows each member unit to own PAT connections; multi-session PAT connections have to be forwarded to and owned by the master unit. At the end of a per-session PAT session, the ASA sends a reset and immediately removes the xlate. This reset causes the end node to immediately release the connection, avoiding the TIME_WAIT state. Multi-session PAT, on the other hand, uses the PAT timeout, by default 30 seconds. For “hit-and-run” traffic, such as HTTP or HTTPS, the per-session feature can dramatically increase the connection rate supported by one address. Without the per-session feature, the maximum connection rate for one address for an IP protocol is approximately 2000 per second. With the per-session feature, the connection rate for one address for an IP protocol is 65535/ average-lifetime.

By default, all TCP traffic and UDP DNS traffic use a per-session PAT xlate. For traffic that can benefit from multi-session PAT, such as H.323, SIP, or Skinny, you can disable per-session PAT be creating a per-session deny rule. See the “Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules” section.

Dynamic PAT Disadvantages and Advantages

Dynamic PAT lets you use a single mapped address, thus conserving routable addresses. You can even use the ASA interface IP address as the PAT address.

Dynamic PAT does not work with some multimedia applications that have a data stream that is different from the control path. See the “Default Settings and NAT Limitations” section for more information about NAT and PAT support.

Dynamic PAT may also create a large number of connections appearing to come from a single IP address, and servers might interpret the traffic as a DoS attack. You can configure a PAT pool of addresses and use a round-robin assignment of PAT addresses to mitigate this situation.

Identity NAT

You might have a NAT configuration in which you need to translate an IP address to itself. For example, if you create a broad rule that applies NAT to every network, but want to exclude one network from NAT, you can create a static NAT rule to translate an address to itself. Identity NAT is necessary for remote access VPN, where you need to exempt the client traffic from NAT.

Figure 3-8 shows a typical identity NAT scenario.

Figure 3-8 Identity NAT

NAT in Routed Mode

Figure 3-9 shows a typical NAT example in routed mode, with a private network on the inside.

Figure 3-9 NAT Example: Routed Mode

1. When the inside host at 10.1.2.27 sends a packet to a web server, the real source address of the packet, 10.1.2.27, is changed to a mapped address, 209.165.201.10.

2. When the server responds, it sends the response to the mapped address, 209.165.201.10, and the ASA receives the packet because the ASA performs proxy ARP to claim the packet.

3. The ASA then changes the translation of the mapped address, 209.165.201.10, back to the real address, 10.1.2.27, before sending it to the host.

NAT in Transparent Mode

Using NAT in transparent mode eliminates the need for the upstream or downstream routers to perform NAT for their networks.

NAT in transparent mode has the following requirements and limitations:

• Because the transparent firewall does not have any interface IP addresses, you cannot use interface PAT.
• ARP inspection is not supported. Moreover, if for some reason a host on one side of the ASA sends an ARP request to a host on the other side of the ASA, and the initiating host real address is mapped to a different address on the same subnet, then the real address remains visible in the ARP request.
• Translating between IPv4 and IPv6 networks is not supported. Translating between two IPv6 networks, or between two IPv4 networks is supported.

Figure 3-10 shows a typical NAT scenario in transparent mode, with the same network on the inside and outside interfaces. The transparent firewall in this scenario is performing the NAT service so that the upstream router does not have to perform NAT.

Figure 3-10 NAT Example: Transparent Mode

1. When the inside host at 10.1.1.75 sends a packet to a web server, the real source address of the packet, 10.1.1.75, is changed to a mapped address, 209.165.201.15.

2. When the server responds, it sends the response to the mapped address, 209.165.201.15, and the ASA receives the packet because the upstream router includes this mapped network in a static route directed to the ASA management IP address. See the “Mapped Addresses and Routing” section for more information about required routes.

3. The ASA then undoes the translation of the mapped address, 209.165.201.15, back to the real address, 10.1.1.1.75. Because the real address is directly-connected, the ASA sends it directly to the host.

4. For host 192.168.1.2, the same process occurs, except for returning traffic, the ASA looks up the route in its routing table and sends the packet to the downstream router at 10.1.1.3 based on the ASA static route for 192.168.1.0/24. See the “Transparent Mode Routing Requirements for Remote Networks” section for more information about required routes.

Main Differences Between Network Object NAT and Twice NAT

The main differences between these two NAT types are:

• How you define the real address.

– Network object NAT—You define NAT as a parameter for a network object. A network object names an IP host, range, or subnet so you can then use the object in configuration instead of the actual IP addresses. The network object IP address serves as the real address. This method lets you easily add NAT to network objects that might already be used in other parts of your configuration.

– Twice NAT—You identify a network object or network object group for both the real and mapped addresses. In this case, NAT is not a parameter of the network object; the network object or group is a parameter of the NAT configuration. The ability to use a network object group for the real address means that twice NAT is more scalable.

• How source and destination NAT is implemented.

– Network object NAT— Each rule can apply to either the source or destination of a packet. So two rules might be used, one for the source IP address, and one for the destination IP address. These two rules cannot be tied together to enforce a specific translation for a source/destination combination.

– Twice NAT—A single rule translates both the source and destination. A matching packet only matches the one rule, and further rules are not checked. Even if you do not configure the optional destination address for twice NAT, a matching packet still only matches one twice NAT rule. The source and destination are tied together, so you can enforce different translations depending on the source/destination combination. For example, sourceA/destinationA can have a different translation than sourceA/destinationB.

• Order of NAT Rules.

– Network object NAT—Automatically ordered in the NAT table.

– Twice NAT—Manually ordered in the NAT table (before or after network object NAT rules).

See the “NAT Rule Order” section for more information.

We recommend using network object NAT unless you need the extra features that twice NAT provides. Network object NAT is easier to configure, and might be more reliable for applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP). (For VoIP, because twice NAT is applicable only between two objects, you might see a failure in the translation of indirect addresses that do not belong to either of the objects.)

Information About Network Object NAT

All NAT rules that are configured as a parameter of a network object are considered to be network object NAT rules. Network object NAT is a quick and easy way to configure NAT for a network object, which can be a single IP address, a range of addresses, or a subnet.

After you configure the network object, you can then identify the mapped address for that object, either as an inline address or as another network object or network object group.

When a packet enters the ASA, both the source and destination IP addresses are checked against the network object NAT rules. The source and destination address in the packet can be translated by separate rules if separate matches are made. These rules are not tied to each other; different combinations of rules can be used depending on the traffic.

Because the rules are never paired, you cannot specify that sourceA/destinationA should have a different translation than sourceA/destinationB. Use twice NAT for that kind of functionality (twice NAT lets you identify the source and destination address in a single rule).

To start configuring network object NAT, see Chapter4, “Configuring Network Object NAT”

Information About Twice NAT

Twice NAT lets you identify both the source and destination address in a single rule. Specifying both the source and destination addresses lets you specify that sourceA/destinationA can have a different translation than sourceA/destinationB.

The destination address is optional. If you specify the destination address, you can either map it to itself (identity NAT), or you can map it to a different address. The destination mapping is always a static mapping.

Twice NAT also lets you use service objects for static NAT with port translation; network object NAT only accepts inline definition.

To start configuring twice NAT, see Chapter5, “Configuring Twice NAT”

Figure 3-11 shows a host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accessing two different servers. When the host accesses the server at 209.165.201.11, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129. When the host accesses the server at 209.165.200.225, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130.

Figure 3-11 Twice NAT with Different Destination Addresses

Figure 3-12 shows the use of source and destination ports. The host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accesses a single host for both web services and Telnet services. When the host accesses the server for web services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129. When the host accesses the same server for Telnet services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130.

Figure 3-12 Twice NAT with Different Destination Ports

Figure 3-13 shows a remote host connecting to a mapped host. The mapped host has a twice static NAT translation that translates the real address only for traffic to and from the 209.165.201.0/27 network. A translation does not exist for the 209.165.200.224/27 network, so the translated host cannot connect to that network, nor can a host on that network connect to the translated host.

Figure 3-13 Twice Static NAT with Destination Address Translation

Mapped Addresses and Routing

When you translate the real address to a mapped address, the mapped address you choose determines how to configure routing, if necessary, for the mapped address.

See additional guidelines about mapped IP addresses in “Configuring Network Object NAT,” and Chapter5, “Configuring Twice NAT”

See the following mapped address types:

• Addresses on the same network as the mapped interface.

If you use addresses on the same network as the mapped interface, the ASA uses proxy ARP to answer any ARP requests for the mapped addresses, thus intercepting traffic destined for a mapped address. This solution simplifies routing because the ASA does not have to be the gateway for any additional networks. This solution is ideal if the outside network contains an adequate number of free addresses, a consideration if you are using a 1:1 translation like dynamic NAT or static NAT. Dynamic PAT greatly extends the number of translations you can use with a small number of addresses, so even if the available addresses on the outside network is small, this method can be used. For PAT, you can even use the IP address of the mapped interface.

Note If you configure the mapped interface to be any interface, and you specify a mapped address on the same network as one of the mapped interfaces, then if an ARP request for that mapped address comes in on a different interface, then you need to manually configure an ARP entry for that network on the ingress interface, specifying its MAC address (see the arp command). Typically, if you specify any interface for the mapped interface, then you use a unique network for the mapped addresses, so this situation would not occur.

• Addresses on a unique network.

If you need more addresses than are available on the mapped interface network, you can identify addresses on a different subnet. The upstream router needs a static route for the mapped addresses that points to the ASA. Alternatively for routed mode, you can configure a static route on the ASA for the mapped addresses, and then redistribute the route using your routing protocol. For transparent mode, if the real host is directly-connected, configure the static route on the upstream router to point to the ASA: specify the bridge group IP address. For remote hosts in transparent mode, in the static route on the upstream router, you can alternatively specify the downstream router IP address.

• The same address as the real address (identity NAT).

The default behavior for identity NAT has proxy ARP enabled, matching other static NAT rules. You can disable proxy ARP if desired. Note : You can also disable proxy ARP for regular static NAT if desired, in which case you need to be sure to have proper routes on the upstream router.

Normally for identity NAT, proxy ARP is not required, and in some cases can cause connectivity issues. For example, if you configure a broad identity NAT rule for “any” IP address, then leaving proxy ARP enabled can cause problems for hosts on the network directly-connected to the mapped interface. In this case, when a host on the mapped network wants to communicate with another host on the same network, then the address in the ARP request matches the NAT rule (which matches “any” address). The ASA will then proxy ARP for the address, even though the packet is not actually destined for the ASA. (Note that this problem occurs even if you have a twice NAT rule; although the NAT rule must match both the source and destination addresses, the proxy ARP decision is made only on the “source” address). If the ASA ARP response is received before the actual host ARP response, then traffic will be mistakenly sent to the ASA (see Figure 3-14).

Figure 3-14 Proxy ARP Problems with Identity NAT

In rare cases, you need proxy ARP for identity NAT; for example for virtual Telnet. When using AAA for network access, a host needs to authenticate with the ASA using a service like Telnet before any other traffic can pass. You can configure a virtual Telnet server on the ASA to provide the necessary login. When accessing the virtual Telnet address from the outside, you must configure an identity NAT rule for the address specifically for the proxy ARP functionality. Due to internal processes for virtual Telnet, proxy ARP lets the ASA keep traffic destined for the virtual Telnet address rather than send the traffic out the source interface according to the NAT rule. (See Figure 3-15).

Figure 3-15 Proxy ARP and Virtual Telnet

Transparent Mode Routing Requirements for Remote Networks

When you use NAT in transparent mode, some types of traffic require static routes. See the general operations configuration guide for more information.

Determining the Egress Interface

When the ASA receives traffic for a mapped address, the ASA unstranslates the destination address according to the NAT rule, and then it sends the packet on to the real address. The ASA determines the egress interface for the packet in the following ways:

• Transparent mode—The ASA determines the egress interface for the real address by using the NAT rule; you must specify the source and destination interfaces as part of the NAT rule.
• Routed mode—The ASA determines the egress interface in one of the following ways:

– You configure the interface in the NAT rule—The ASA uses the NAT rule to determine the egress interface. However, you have the option to always use a route lookup instead. In certain scenarios, a route lookup override is required; for example, see the “NAT and VPN Management Access” section.

– You do not configure the interface in the NAT rule—The ASA uses a route lookup to determine the egress interface.

Figure 3-16 shows the egress interface selection method in routed mode. In almost all cases, a route lookup is equivalent to the NAT rule interface, but in some configurations, the two methods might differ.

Figure 3-16 Routed Mode Egress Interface Selection

NAT and Remote Access VPN

Figure 3-17 shows both an inside server (10.1.1.6) and a VPN client (209.165.201.10) accessing the Internet. Unless you configure split tunnelling for the VPN client (where only specified traffic goes through the VPN tunnel), then Internet-bound VPN traffic must also go through the ASA. When the VPN traffic enters the ASA, the ASA decrypts the packet; the resulting packet includes the VPN client local address (10.3.3.10) as the source. For both inside and VPN client local networks, you need a public IP address provided by NAT to access the Internet. The below example uses interface PAT rules. To allow the VPN traffic to exit the same interface it entered, you also need to enable intra-interface communication (AKA “hairpin” networking).

Figure 3-17 Interface PAT for Internet-Bound VPN Traffic (Intra-Interface)

Figure 3-18 shows a VPN client that wants to access an inside mail server. Because the ASA expects traffic between the inside network and any outside network to match the interface PAT rule you set up for Internet access, traffic from the VPN client (10.3.3.10) to the SMTP server (10.1.1.6) will be dropped due to a reverse path failure: traffic from 10.3.3.10 to 10.1.1.6 does not match a NAT rule, but returning traffic from 10.1.1.6 to 10.3.3.10 should match the interface PAT rule for outgoing traffic. Because forward and reverse flows do not match, the ASA drops the packet when it is received. To avoid this failure, you need to exempt the inside-to-VPN client traffic from the interface PAT rule by using an identity NAT rule between those networks. Identity NAT simply translates an address to the same address.

Figure 3-18 Identity NAT for VPN Clients

See the following sample NAT configuration for the above network:

NAT and Site-to-Site VPN

Figure 3-19 shows a site-to-site tunnel connecting the Boulder and San Jose offices. For traffic that you want to go to the Internet (for example from 10.1.1.6 in Boulder to www.example.com), you need a public IP address provided by NAT to access the Internet. The below example uses interface PAT rules. However, for traffic that you want to go over the VPN tunnel (for example from 10.1.1.6 in Boulder to 10.2.2.78 in San Jose), you do not want to perform NAT; you need to exempt that traffic by creating an identity NAT rule. Identity NAT simply translates an address to the same address.

Figure 3-19 Interface PAT and Identity NAT for Site-to-Site VPN

Figure 3-20 shows a VPN client connected to ASA1 (Boulder), with a Telnet request for a server (10.2.2.78) accessible over a site-to-site tunnel between ASA1 and ASA2 (San Jose). Because this is a hairpin connection, you need to enable intra-interface communication, which is also required for non-split-tunneled Internet-bound traffic from the VPN client. You also need to configure identity NAT between the VPN client and the Boulder & San Jose networks, just as you would between any networks connected by VPN to exempt this traffic from outbound NAT rules.

Figure 3-20 VPN Client Access to Site-to-Site VPN

See the following sample NAT configuration for ASA1 (Boulder):

See the following sample NAT configuration for ASA2 (San Jose):

NAT and VPN Management Access

When using VPN, you can allow management access to an interface other than the one from which you entered the ASA (see the management-access command). For example, if you enter the ASA from the outside interface, the management-access feature lets you connect to the inside interface using ASDM, SSH, Telnet, or SNMP; or you can ping the inside interface.

Figure 3-21 shows a VPN client Telnetting to the ASA inside interface. When you use a management-access interface, and you configure identity NAT according to the “NAT and Remote Access VPN” or “NAT and Site-to-Site VPN” section, you must configure NAT with the route lookup option. Without route lookup, the ASA sends traffic out the interface specified in the NAT command, regardless of what the routing table says; in the below example, the egress interface is the inside interface. You do not want the ASA to send the management traffic out to the inside network; it will never return to the inside interface IP address. The route lookup option lets the ASA send the traffic directly to the inside interface IP address instead of to the inside network. For traffic from the VPN client to a host on the inside network, the route lookup option will still result in the correct egress interface (inside), so normal traffic flow is not affected. See the “Determining the Egress Interface” section for more information about the route lookup option.

Figure 3-21 VPN Management Access

See the following sample NAT configuration for the above network:

Troubleshooting NAT and VPN

See the following monitoring tools for troubleshooting NAT issues with VPN:

• Packet tracer—When used correctly, a packet tracer shows which NAT rules a packet is hitting.
• show nat detail —Shows hit counts and untranslated traffic for a given NAT rule.
• show conn all —Lets you see active connections including to and from the box traffic.

To familiarize yourself with a non-working configuration vs. a working configuration, you can perform the following steps:

1. Configure VPN without identity NAT.

2. Enter show nat detail and show conn all.

3. Add the identity NAT configuration.

• Repeat show nat detail and show conn all.