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本文档介绍VPN组播(mVPN)的严格反向路径转发(RPF)功能。 本文档使用Cisco IOS®中的示例和实施来说明该行为。
RPF表示传入接口已检查到源。虽然会检查接口以确定它是指向源的正确接口,但不会检查它以确定它是该接口上的正确RPF邻居。在多路访问接口上,可能有多个邻居可以对其执行RPF。结果可能是路由器在该接口上收到两次相同的组播流并转发两者。
在多路访问接口上运行协议独立组播(PIM)的网络中,这不是问题,因为重复的组播流会导致运行断言机制,并且不再接收一个组播流。在某些情况下,PIM不在组播分布树(MDT)上运行,该树是多路访问接口。在这些情况下,边界网关协议(BGP)是重叠信令协议。
在使用分区MDT的配置文件中,即使PIM作为重叠协议运行,也不可能断言。原因是,在存在两个或多个入口PE路由器的情况下,一个入口提供商边缘(PE)不从另一个入口PE加入分区MDT。每个入口PE路由器可以将组播流转发到其分区MDT,而其他入口PE路由器不会看到组播流量。对于同一组播流,两个不同的出口PE路由器分别向不同的入口PE路由器加入MDT是有效方案:称为任播源。这允许不同的接收方加入同一组播流,但通过多协议标签交换(MPLS)核心中的不同路径。有关任播源的示例,请参阅图1。
图 1
有两个入口PE路由器:PE1和PE2。有两个出口PE路由器:PE3和PE4。每个出口PE路由器都有一个不同的入口PE路由器作为其RPF邻居。PE3将PE1作为其RPF邻居。PE4将PE2作为其RPF邻居。出口PE路由器选择其最近的入口PE路由器作为其RPF邻居。
流(S1,G)将在顶部路径上从S1到接收器1,在底部路径上从S1到接收器2。两条路径(MPLS核心中的每条路径都是不同的分区MDT)上没有两个流的交集。
如果MDT是默认MDT(例如在默认MDT配置文件中),则这将不起作用,因为两个组播流将位于同一默认MDT上,并且断言机制将运行。如果MDT是默认MDT配置文件中的数据MDT,则所有入口PE路由器会从其他入口PE路由器加入数据MDT,因此会查看来自彼此的组播流量,并再次运行断言机制。如果重叠协议是BGP,则存在上游组播跳(UMH)选择,并且只选择一个入口PE路由器作为转发器,但这是按MDT。
任播源是运行分区MDT的一大优势。
定期RPF检查确认数据包从正确的RPF接口到达路由器。不会检查是否从该接口上的正确RPF邻居接收了数据包。
请参阅图2。它显示了在分区MDT的场景中持续转发重复流量的问题。它表明,在分区MDT的情况下,常规RPF检查不足以避免重复的流量。
图 2
有两个接收器。第一接收器被设置为接收(S1,G)和(S2,G)的流量。 第二接收器被设置为仅接收(S2,G)的流量。有分区MDT,BGP是重叠信令协议。请注意,源S1可通过PE1和PE2访问。核心树协议是多点标签分发协议(mLDP)。
每个PE路由器通告第1类BGP IPv4 mVPN路由,该路由表示它是分区MDT的根候选。
PE3#show bgp ipv4 mvpn vrf one
BGP table version is 257, local router ID is 10.100.1.3
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter,
x best-external, a additional-pah, c RIB-compressed,
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
Route Distinguisher: 1:3 (default for vrf one)
*>i [1][1:3][10.100.1.1]/12
10.100.1.1 0 100 0 ?
*>i [1][1:3][10.100.1.2]/12
10.100.1.2 0 100 0 ?
*> [1][1:3][10.100.1.3]/12
0.0.0.0 32768 ?
*>i [1][1:3][10.100.1.4]/12
10.100.1.4 0 100 0 ?
PE3在查找S1的单播路由后,发现PE1作为S1的RPF邻居。
PE3#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf one 10.100.1.6/32
BGP routing table entry for 1:3:10.100.1.6/32, version 16
Paths: (2 available, best #2, table one)
Advertised to update-groups:
5
Refresh Epoch 2
65001, imported path from 1:2:10.100.1.6/32 (global)
10.100.1.2 (metric 21) (via default) from 10.100.1.5 (10.100.1.5)
Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal
Extended Community: RT:1:1 MVPN AS:1:0.0.0.0 MVPN VRF:10.100.1.2:1
Originator: 10.100.1.2, Cluster list: 10.100.1.5
mpls labels in/out nolabel/20
rx pathid: 0, tx pathid: 0
Refresh Epoch 2
65001, imported path from 1:1:10.100.1.6/32 (global)
10.100.1.1 (metric 11) (via default) from 10.100.1.5 (10.100.1.5)
Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
Extended Community: RT:1:1 MVPN AS:1:0.0.0.0 MVPN VRF:10.100.1.1:1
Originator: 10.100.1.1, Cluster list: 10.100.1.5
mpls labels in/out nolabel/29
rx pathid: 0, tx pathid: 0x0
PE3#show ip rpf vrf one 10.100.1.6
RPF information for ? (10.100.1.6)
RPF interface: Lspvif0
RPF neighbor: ? (10.100.1.1)
RPF route/mask: 10.100.1.6/32
RPF type: unicast (bgp 1)
Doing distance-preferred lookups across tables
RPF topology: ipv4 multicast base, originated from ipv4 unicast base
PE3选择PE1作为(S1,G)的RPF邻居,并将分区MDT与PE1作为根连接。PE3选择PE2作为(S2,G)的RPF邻居,并将分区MDT与PE2作为根连接。
PE3#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf one 10.100.1.7/32
BGP routing table entry for 1:3:10.100.1.7/32, version 18
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table one)
Advertised to update-groups:
6
Refresh Epoch 2
65002, imported path from 1:2:10.100.1.7/32 (global)
10.100.1.2 (metric 21) (via default) from 10.100.1.5 (10.100.1.5)
Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
Extended Community: RT:1:1 MVPN AS:1:0.0.0.0 MVPN VRF:10.100.1.2:1
Originator: 10.100.1.2, Cluster list: 10.100.1.5
mpls labels in/out nolabel/29
rx pathid: 0, tx pathid: 0x0
PE3#show ip rpf vrf one 10.100.1.7
RPF information for ? (10.100.1.7)
RPF interface: Lspvif0
RPF neighbor: ? (10.100.1.2)
RPF route/mask: 10.100.1.7/32
RPF type: unicast (bgp 1)
Doing distance-preferred lookups across tables
RPF topology: ipv4 multicast base, originated from ipv4 unicast base
PE4选择PE2作为(S1,G)的RPF邻居,并将分区MDT与PE1作为根连接。
PE4#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf one 10.100.1.6/32
BGP routing table entry for 1:4:10.100.1.6/32, version 138
Paths: (2 available, best #1, table one)
Advertised to update-groups:
2
Refresh Epoch 2
65001, imported path from 1:2:10.100.1.6/32 (global)
10.100.1.2 (metric 11) (via default) from 10.100.1.5 (10.100.1.5)
Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
Extended Community: RT:1:1 MVPN AS:1:0.0.0.0 MVPN VRF:10.100.1.2:1
Originator: 10.100.1.2, Cluster list: 10.100.1.5
mpls labels in/out nolabel/20
rx pathid: 0, tx pathid: 0x0
Refresh Epoch 2
65001, imported path from 1:1:10.100.1.6/32 (global)
10.100.1.1 (metric 21) (via default) from 10.100.1.5 (10.100.1.5)
Origin incomplete, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal
Extended Community: RT:1:1 MVPN AS:1:0.0.0.0 MVPN VRF:10.100.1.1:1
Originator: 10.100.1.1, Cluster list: 10.100.1.5
mpls labels in/out nolabel/29
rx pathid: 0, tx pathid: 0
PE4#show ip rpf vrf one 10.100.1.6
RPF information for ? (10.100.1.6)
RPF interface: Lspvif0
RPF neighbor: ? (10.100.1.2)
RPF route/mask: 10.100.1.6/32
RPF type: unicast (bgp 1)
Doing distance-preferred lookups across tables
RPF topology: ipv4 multicast base, originated from ipv4 unicast base
注意,S1(10.100.1.6)和S2(10.100.1.7)的RPF接口均为Lspvif0。
PE3将(S2,G)的PE2分区MDT加入,PE4将(S1,G)的PE2分区MDT加入。PE1加入从PE1为(S1,G)划分的MDT。 通过在PE1和PE2上接收的第7类BGP IPv4 mVPN路由,您可以看到这一点。
PE1#show bgp ipv4 mvpn vrf one
BGP table version is 302, local router ID is 10.100.1.1
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter,
x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed,
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
Route Distinguisher: 1:1 (default for vrf one)
*>i [7][1:1][1][10.100.1.6/32][232.1.1.1/32]/22
10.100.1.3 0 100 0 ?
PE2#show bgp ipv4 mvpn vrf one
BGP table version is 329, local router ID is 10.100.1.2
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale, m multipath, b backup-path, f RT-Filter,
x best-external, a additional-path, c RIB-compressed,
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
Route Distinguisher: 1:2 (default for vrf one)
*>i [7][1:2][1][10.100.1.6/32][232.1.1.1/32]/22
10.100.1.4 0 100 0 ?
*>i [7][1:2][1][10.100.1.7/32][232.1.1.1/32]/22
10.100.1.3 0 100 0 ?
PE3和PE4上的组播条目:
PE3#show ip mroute vrf one 232.1.1.1
Flags: D - Dense, S - Sparse, B - Bidir Group, s - SSM Group, C - Connected,
L - Local, P - Pruned, R - RP-bit set, F - Register flag,
T - SPT-bit set, J - Join SPT, M - MSDP created entry, E - Extranet,
X - Proxy Join Timer Running, A - Candidate for MSDP Advertisement,
U - URD, I - Received Source Specific Host Report,
Z - Multicast Tunnel, z - MDT-data group sender,
Y - Joined MDT-data group, y - Sending to MDT-data group,
G - Received BGP C-Mroute, g - Sent BGP C-Mroute,
N - Received BGP Shared-Tree Prune, n - BGP C-Mroute suppressed,
Q - Received BGP S-A Route, q - Sent BGP S-A Route,
V - RD & Vector, v - Vector, p - PIM Joins on route,
x - VxLAN group
Outgoing interface flags: H - Hardware switched, A - Assert winner, p - PIM Join
Timers: Uptime/Expires
Interface state: Interface, Next-Hop or VCD, State/Mode
(10.100.1.7, 232.1.1.1), 21:18:24/00:02:46, flags: sTg
Incoming interface: Lspvif0, RPF nbr 10.100.1.2
Outgoing interface list:
Ethernet0/0, Forward/Sparse, 00:11:48/00:02:46
(10.100.1.6, 232.1.1.1), 21:18:27/00:03:17, flags: sTg
Incoming interface: Lspvif0, RPF nbr 10.100.1.1
Outgoing interface list:
Ethernet0/0, Forward/Sparse, 00:11:48/00:03:17
PE4#show ip mroute vrf one 232.1.1.1
IP Multicast Routing Table
Flags: D - Dense, S - Sparse, B - Bidir Group, s - SSM Group, C - Connected,
L - Local, P - Pruned, R - RP-bit set, F - Register flag,
T - SPT-bit set, J - Join SPT, M - MSDP created entry, E - Extranet,
X - Proxy Join Timer Running, A - Candidate for MSDP Advertisement,
U - URD, I - Received Source Specific Host Report,
Z - Multicast Tunnel, z - MDT-data group sender,
Y - Joined MDT-data group, y - Sending to MDT-data group,
G - Received BGP C-Mroute, g - Sent BGP C-Mroute,
N - Received BGP Shared-Tree Prune, n - BGP C-Mroute suppressed,
Q - Received BGP S-A Route, q - Sent BGP S-A Route,
V - RD & Vector, v - Vector, p - PIM Joins on route,
x - VxLAN group
Outgoing interface flags: H - Hardware switched, A - Assert winner, p - PIM Join
Timers: Uptime/Expires
Interface state: Interface, Next-Hop or VCD, State/Mode
(10.100.1.6, 232.1.1.1), 20:50:13/00:02:37, flags: sTg
Incoming interface: Lspvif0, RPF nbr 10.100.1.2
Outgoing interface list:
Ethernet0/0, Forward/Sparse, 20:50:13/00:02:37
这显示PE3加入根于PE1的点对多点(P2MP)树,以及根于PE2的树:
PE3#show mpls mldp database
* Indicates MLDP recursive forwarding is enabled
LSM ID : A Type: P2MP Uptime : 00:18:40
FEC Root : 10.100.1.1
Opaque decoded : [gid 65536 (0x00010000)]
Opaque length : 4 bytes
Opaque value : 01 0004 00010000
Upstream client(s) :
10.100.1.1:0 [Active]
Expires : Never Path Set ID : A
Out Label (U) : None Interface : Ethernet5/0*
Local Label (D): 29 Next Hop : 10.1.5.1
Replication client(s):
MDT (VRF one)
Uptime : 00:18:40 Path Set ID : None
Interface : Lspvif0
LSM ID : B Type: P2MP Uptime : 00:18:40
FEC Root : 10.100.1.2
Opaque decoded : [gid 65536 (0x00010000)]
Opaque length : 4 bytes
Opaque value : 01 0004 00010000
Upstream client(s) :
10.100.1.5:0 [Active]
Expires : Never Path Set ID : B
Out Label (U) : None Interface : Ethernet6/0*
Local Label (D): 30 Next Hop : 10.1.3.5
Replication client(s):
MDT (VRF one)
Uptime : 00:18:40 Path Set ID : None
Interface : Lspvif0
这显示PE4加入根于PE2的P2MP树:
PE4#show mpls mldp database
* Indicates MLDP recursive forwarding is enabled
LSM ID : 3 Type: P2MP Uptime : 21:17:06
FEC Root : 10.100.1.2
Opaque decoded : [gid 65536 (0x00010000)]
Opaque value : 01 0004 00010000
Upstream client(s) :
10.100.1.2:0 [Active]
Expires : Never Path Set ID : 3
Out Label (U) : None Interface : Ethernet5/0*
Local Label (D): 29 Next Hop : 10.1.6.2
Replication client(s):
MDT (VRF one)
Uptime : 21:17:06 Path Set ID : None
Interface : Lspvif0
组232.1.1.1的S1和S2数据流,10 pps。您可以在PE3和PE4上看到流。但是,在PE3上,您可以看到(S1,G)的速率为20 pps。
PE3#show ip mroute vrf one 232.1.1.1 count
Use "show ip mfib count" to get better response time for a large number of mroutes.
IP Multicast Statistics
3 routes using 1692 bytes of memory
2 groups, 1.00 average sources per group
Forwarding Counts: Pkt Count/Pkts per second/Avg Pkt Size/Kilobits per second
Other counts: Total/RPF failed/Other drops(OIF-null, rate-limit etc)
Group: 232.1.1.1, Source count: 2, Packets forwarded: 1399687, Packets received:
2071455
Source: 10.100.1.7/32, Forwarding: 691517/10/28/2, Other: 691517/0/0
Source: 10.100.1.6/32, Forwarding: 708170/20/28/4, Other: 1379938/671768/0
PE4#show ip mroute vrf one 232.1.1.1 count
Use "show ip mfib count" to get better response time for a large number of mroutes.
IP Multicast Statistics
2 routes using 1246 bytes of memory
2 groups, 0.50 average sources per group
Forwarding Counts: Pkt Count/Pkts per second/Avg Pkt Size/Kilobits per second
Other counts: Total/RPF failed/Other drops(OIF-null, rate-limit etc)
Group: 232.1.1.1, Source count: 1, Packets forwarded: 688820, Packets received:
688820
Source: 10.100.1.6/32, Forwarding: 688820/10/28/2, Other: 688820/0/0
PE3#show interfaces ethernet0/0 | include rate
Queueing strategy: fifo
30 second input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
30 second output rate 9000 bits/sec, 30 packets/sec
有重复的流。这种重复是流(S1,G)在PE1的分区MDT和PE2的分区MDT上存在的结果。第二个MDT(来自PE2)由PE3连接,以获得流(S2,G)。 但是,由于PE4从PE2加入分区MDT以获得(S1,G),因此(S1,G)也存在于从PE2划分的MDT上。因此,PE3从其连接的两个分区MDT接收流(S1,G)。
PE3无法区分从PE1和PE2接收的(S1,G)的数据包。两个数据流都在正确的RPF接口上接收:Lspvif0。
PE3#show ip multicast vrf one mpls vif
Interface Next-hop Application Ref-Count Table / VRF name Flags
Lspvif0 0.0.0.0 MDT N/A 1 (vrf one) 0x1
数据包可能到达PE3上或同一接口上的不同传入物理接口。无论如何,来自(S1,G)不同流的数据包在PE3上确实具有不同的MPLS标签:
PE3#show mpls forwarding-table vrf one
Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes Label Outgoing Next Hop
Label Label or Tunnel Id Switched interface
29 [T] No Label [gid 65536 (0x00010000)][V] \
768684 aggregate/one
30 [T] No Label [gid 65536 (0x00010000)][V] \
1535940 aggregate/one
[T] Forwarding through a LSP tunnel.
View additional labelling info with the 'detail' option
解决方案是制定更严格的RPF。使用严格RPF时,路由器会检查RPF接口上接收数据包的邻居。如果没有严格RPF,唯一的检查是确定传入接口是否是RPF接口,而不是确定是否从该接口上的正确RPF邻居接收数据包。
以下是有关使用Cisco IOS的RPF的一些重要说明。
您可以在PE3上为虚拟路由和转发(VRF)配置严格RPF。
vrf definition one
rd 1:3
!
address-family ipv4
mdt auto-discovery mldp
mdt strict-rpf interface
mdt partitioned mldp p2mp
mdt overlay use-bgp
route-target export 1:1
route-target import 1:1
exit-address-family
!
RPF信息已更改:
PE3#show ip rpf vrf one 10.100.1.6
RPF information for ? (10.100.1.6)
RPF interface: Lspvif0
Strict-RPF interface: Lspvif1
RPF neighbor: ? (10.100.1.1)
RPF route/mask: 10.100.1.6/32
RPF type: unicast (bgp 1)
Doing distance-preferred lookups across tables
RPF topology: ipv4 multicast base, originated from ipv4 unicast base
PE3#show ip rpf vrf one 10.100.1.7
RPF information for ? (10.100.1.7)
RPF interface: Lspvif0
Strict-RPF interface: Lspvif2
RPF neighbor: ? (10.100.1.2)
RPF route/mask: 10.100.1.7/32
RPF type: unicast (bgp 1)
Doing distance-preferred lookups across tables
RPF topology: ipv4 multicast base, originated from ipv4 unicast base
PE3为每个入口PE创建了Lspvif接口。Lspvif接口按入口PE、地址系列(AF)和VRF创建。10.100.1.6的RPF现在指向接口Lspvif1,10.100.1.7的RPF现在指向接口Lspvif2。
PE3#show ip multicast vrf one mpls vif
Interface Next-hop Application Ref-Count Table / VRF name Flags
Lspvif0 0.0.0.0 MDT N/A 1 (vrf one) 0x1
Lspvif1 10.100.1.1 MDT N/A 1 (vrf one) 0x1
Lspvif2 10.100.1.2 MDT N/A 1 (vrf one) 0x1
现在,PE1的数据包(S1,G)的RPF检查是针对RPF接口Lspvif1检查的。这些数据包带有MPLS标签29。来自PE2的数据包(S2,G)的RPF检查是针对RPF接口Lspvif2检查的。这些数据包带有MPLS标签30.流通过不同的传入接口到达PE3,但这也可能是同一接口。但是,由于mLDP从不使用Penultimate-Hop-Popping(PHP),因此组播数据包上始终有一个常规MPLS标签。从PE1和PE2到达的(S1,G)数据包位于两个不同的分区MDT上,因此具有不同的MPLS标签。因此,PE3可以区分来自PE1的(S1,G)流和来自PE2的(S1,G)流。这样,PE3就可以分离数据包,并且RPF可以针对不同的入口PE路由器执行。
PE3上的mLDP数据库现在显示每个入口PE的不同Lspvif接口。
PE3#show mpls mldp database
* Indicates MLDP recursive forwarding is enabled
LSM ID : C Type: P2MP Uptime : 00:05:58
FEC Root : 10.100.1.1
Opaque decoded : [gid 65536 (0x00010000)]
Opaque length : 4 bytes
Opaque value : 01 0004 00010000
Upstream client(s) :
10.100.1.1:0 [Active]
Expires : Never Path Set ID : C
Out Label (U) : None Interface : Ethernet5/0*
Local Label (D): 29 Next Hop : 10.1.5.1
Replication client(s):
MDT (VRF one)
Uptime : 00:05:58 Path Set ID : None
Interface : Lspvif1
LSM ID : D Type: P2MP Uptime : 00:05:58
FEC Root : 10.100.1.2
Opaque decoded : [gid 65536 (0x00010000)]
Opaque length : 4 bytes
Opaque value : 01 0004 00010000
Upstream client(s) :
10.100.1.5:0 [Active]
Expires : Never Path Set ID : D
Out Label (U) : None Interface : Ethernet6/0*
Local Label (D): 30 Next Hop : 10.1.3.5
Replication client(s):
MDT (VRF one)
Uptime : 00:05:58 Path Set ID : None
Interface : Lspvif2
每个入口PE的严格RPF或RPF工作,因为组播流进入入口PE时,每个入口PE的MPLS标签不同:
PE3#show mpls forwarding-table vrf one
Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes Label Outgoing Next Hop
Label Label or Tunnel Id Switched interface
29 [T] No Label [gid 65536 (0x00010000)][V] \
162708 aggregate/one
30 [T] No Label [gid 65536 (0x00010000)][V] \
162750 aggregate/one
[T] Forwarding through a LSP tunnel.
View additional labelling info with the 'detail' option
严格RPF工作的证明是PE3上不再转发重复流(S1,G)。重复流仍然到达PE3,但由于RPF故障而被丢弃。RPF故障计数器为676255,并以10 pps的速率持续增加。
PE3#show ip mroute vrf one 232.1.1.1 count
Use "show ip mfib count" to get better response time for a large number of mroutes.
IP Multicast Statistics
3 routes using 1692 bytes of memory
2 groups, 1.00 average sources per group
Forwarding Counts: Pkt Count/Pkts per second/Avg Pkt Size/Kilobits per second
Other counts: Total/RPF failed/Other drops(OIF-null, rate-limit etc)
Group: 232.1.1.1, Source count: 2, Packets forwarded: 1443260, Packets received:
2119515
Source: 10.100.1.7/32, Forwarding: 707523/10/28/2, Other: 707523/0/0
Source: 10.100.1.6/32, Forwarding: 735737/10/28/2, Other: 1411992/676255/0
PE3的输出速率现在为20 pps,即每个流(S1,G)和(S2,G)的10 pps:
PE3#show interfaces ethernet0/0 | include rate
Queueing strategy: fifo
30 second input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
30 second output rate 6000 bits/sec, 20 packets/sec
必须使用分区MDT的mVPN部署模式必须使用严格RPF检查。
即使您不为使用分区MDT的mVPN部署模型配置严格RPF检查,情况也可能正常:组播流被传送到接收器。但是,当源连接到多个入口PE路由器时,可能存在重复的组播流量。这会导致网络带宽浪费,并可能对接收器上的组播应用造成负面影响。因此,必须为使用分区MDT的mVPN部署模型配置严格RPF检查。