ASA版本9.2.1 OSPF增强功能配置示例
简介
本文档介绍自适应安全设备(ASA)软件版本9.2.1中引入的与开放最短路径优先(OSPF)协议相关的新功能和命令。
先决条件
要求
本文档没有任何特定的要求。
使用的组件
本文档中的信息基于运行Cisco ASA软件版本9.2.(1)及更高版本的Cisco ASA 5500-X系列防火墙。
本文档中的信息都是基于特定实验室环境中的设备编写的。本文档中使用的所有设备最初均采用原始（默认）配置。如果您的网络处于活动状态，请确保您了解所有命令的潜在影响。
配置
网络图
配置
OSPF 支持快速 Hello 包
OSPF hello数据包是OSPF进程为保持与这些邻居的连接而发送到其OSPF邻居的数据包。这些hello数据包按可配置的时间间隔（以秒为单位）发送。对于以太网链路，默认值为10秒；对于非广播链路，默认值为30秒。Hello数据包包括已在dead间隔内收到hello数据包的所有邻居的列表。Dead间隔也是一个可配置间隔（以秒为单位），默认为hello间隔值的四倍。网络中所有hello间隔的值必须相同。同样，网络中所有停顿间隔的值必须相同。
OSPF快速问候数据包是指以小于1秒的间隔发送的问候数据包。要启用OSPF快速呼叫数据包，请输入ospf dead-interval命令。对于亚秒hello数据包，dead间隔设置为1秒或最小，hello-multiplier值设置为在此1秒内发送的hello数据包的数量。例如，如果dead间隔设置为1秒，hello-multiplier设置为4，则hello间隔每0.25秒发送一次。
在接口上配置快速问候数据包时，从此接口发出的问候数据包中通告的问候间隔设置为0。将忽略通过此接口接收的呼叫数据包中的hello间隔。请务必注意，网段上的dead间隔必须一致。无论是设置为1秒（对于快速呼叫数据包）还是设置为任何其他值，该网段内的邻居必须保持一致。只要在dead间隔内至少发送一个呼叫数据包，则呼叫乘数对于整个网段不必相同。
要以4的倍数启用快速hello数据包，请在相应的接口配置下输入ospf dead-interval minimal hello-multiplier 4 命令。
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 198.51.100.1 255.255.255.0
ospf dead-interval minimal hello-multiplier 4
router ospf 1
network 198.51.100.0 255.255.255.0 area 0
使用show ospf interface 命令进行验证。
asa(config)# show ospf interface
inside is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 198.51.100.1 mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0
Process ID 928, Router ID 198.51.100.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 198.51.100.1, Interface address 198.51.100.1
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 250 msec, Dead 1, Wait 1, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 48 msec
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
用于链路状态通告和SPF调速的新OSPF计时器命令
ASA 9.2.1版及更高版本中引入了以下命令：timers lsa arrival、timers pacing、timers throttle lsa和timers throttle spf（这些命令是OSPF路由器配置的一部分）。
asa(config-router)# timers ?
router mode commands/options:
lsa OSPF LSA timers
pacing OSPF pacing timers
throttle OSPF throttle timers
已删除以下命令：timers spf 和timers lsa-grouping-pacing。
有关链路状态通告(LSA)和最短路径优先(SPF)限制优势的更多信息，请参阅以下文档：
使用ACL进行OSPF路由过滤
现在支持使用访问控制列表(ACL)进行路由过滤。这是通过distribute-list命令过滤路由实现的。
例如，要过滤出10.20.20.0/24的路由，配置将如下所示：
access-list ospf standard deny host 10.20.20.0
access-list ospf standard permit any4
!
router ospf 1
network 198.51.100.0 255.255.255.0 area 0
log-adj-changes
distribute-list ospf in interface inside
选中关联的ACL后，表明其命中计数增加：
asa(config)# show access-list ospf
access-list ospf; 2 elements; name hash: 0xb5dd06eb
access-list ospf line 1 standard deny host 10.20.20.0 (hitcnt=1) 0xe29503b8
access-list ospf line 2 standard permit any4 (hitcnt=2) 0x51ff4e67
此外，还可以检查ASA上的路由信息库(RIB)以进一步验证功能。输入show ospf rib detail命令以报告回OSPF路由器进程的完整路由信息数据库。与每个路由关联的“标志”指示该路由是否已安装到RIB中。
asa(config)# show ospf rib detail
OSPF Router with ID (198.51.100.10) (Process ID 1)
OSPF local RIB
Codes: * - Best, > - Installed in global RIB
*> 172.18.124.0/32, Intra, cost 11, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:13:59
Flags: RIB, HiPrio
via 198.51.100.2, inside, flags: RIB
LSA: 1/198.51.100.2/198.51.100.2
* 10.20.20.0/32, Intra, cost 11, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:13:59
Flags: HiPrio
via 198.51.100.2, inside, flags: none
LSA: 1/198.51.100.2/198.51.100.2
*> 192.168.10.0/32, Intra, cost 11, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:13:59
Flags: RIB, HiPrio
via 198.51.100.2, inside, flags: RIB
LSA: 1/198.51.100.2/198.51.100.2
* 198.51.100.0/24, Intra, cost 10, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:52:52
Flags: Connected
via 198.51.100.10, inside, flags: Connected
LSA: 2/198.51.100.2/192.151.100.10
在上述输出中，已安装带有标志“RIB”的路由器，但带有标志“none”的路由尚未安装。这也应该反映在全局路由表中。使用show route命令进行检查。
asa(config)# show route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, + - replicated route
Gateway of last resort is 10.106.44.1 to network 0.0.0.0
S* 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [1/0] via 10.106.44.1, tftp
O 172.18.124.0 255.255.255.0 [110/11] via 198.51.100.2, 00:00:03, inside
O 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 [110/11] via 198.51.100.2, 00:00:03, inside
O 10.20.20.0 255.255.255.0 [110/11] via 198.51.100.2, 00:00:03, inside
S 10.76.76.160 255.255.255.255 [1/0] via 10.106.44.1, tftp
C 10.86.195.0 255.255.255.0 is directly connected, management
L 10.86.195.1 255.255.255.255 is directly connected, management
OSPF监控增强功能
引入了以下命令以帮助监控和观察OSPF路由器进程。这些命令的输出示例供参考。
show ospf interface brief
输入show ospf interface brief命令以获取此ASA上存在的邻接的快速快照。
asa(config)# show ospf interface brief
Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C
inside 1 0 198.51.100.2/255.255.255.0 10 DR 1/1
show ospf statistics [Detail]
show ospf statistics detail命令简要说明SPF上次运行的时间及运行次数。它还会显示有多少新LSA添加到数据库。
asa(config)# show ospf statistics detail
OSPF Router with ID (198.51.100.10) (Process ID 1)
Area 0: SPF algorithm executed 12 times
SPF 3 executed 00:32:56 ago, SPF type Full
SPF calculation time (in msec):
SPT Intra D-Intr Summ D-Summ Ext7 D-Ext7 Total
0 0 0 0 0 0 00
LSIDs processed R:2 N:1 Stub:1 SN:0 SA:0 X7:0
Change record 0x0
LSIDs changed 1
Changed LSAs. Recorded is LS ID and LS type:
198.51.100.2(R)
SPF 4 executed 00:28:16 ago, SPF type Full
SPF calculation time (in msec):
SPT Intra D-Intr Summ D-Summ Ext7 D-Ext7 Total
0 0 0 0 0 0 00
LSIDs processed R:1 N:1 Stub:0 SN:0 SA:0 X7:0
Change record 0x0
LSIDs changed 2
Changed LSAs. Recorded is LS ID and LS type:
198.51.100.2(R) 198.51.100.10(R)
SPF 5 executed 00:28:06 ago, SPF type Full
SPF calculation time (in msec):
SPT Intra D-Intr Summ D-Summ Ext7 D-Ext7 Total
0 0 0 0 0 0 00
LSIDs processed R:2 N:1 Stub:1 SN:0 SA:0 X7:0
Change record 0x0
LSIDs changed 1
Changed LSAs. Recorded is LS ID and LS type:
198.51.100.2(R)
SPF 6 executed 00:26:40 ago, SPF type Full
SPF calculation time (in msec):
SPT Intra D-Intr Summ D-Summ Ext7 D-Ext7 Total
0 0 0 0 0 0 00
LSIDs processed R:1 N:1 Stub:0 SN:0 SA:0 X7:0
Change record 0x0
LSIDs changed 2
Changed LSAs. Recorded is LS ID and LS type:
198.51.100.2(R) 198.51.100.10(R)
show ospf events neighbor
这是用于检查OSPF邻居状态的有用命令，特别是在OSPF抖动的情况下。它为每个邻居提供事件和状态转换列表以及这些事件的时间戳。在本示例中，邻居10.10.40.1通过状态从DOWN转换为FULL。
asa(config)# show ospf events neighbor
OSPF Router with ID (198.51.100.10) (Process ID 1)
279 May 15 13:07:31.737: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
LOADING to FULL
280 May 15 13:07:31.737: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
EXCHANGE to LOADING
281 May 15 13:07:31.737: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
EXSTART to EXCHANGE
290 May 15 13:07:31.737: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
2WAY to EXSTART
296 May 15 13:07:31.738: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
INIT to 2WAY
297 May 15 13:07:31.728: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
DOWN to INIT
show ospf events lsa
此命令可用于检查已生成并接收了哪些所有LSA。在链路抖动和LSA泛洪的情况下，这些命令非常有用。
asa(config)# show ospf events lsa
OSPF Router with ID (198.51.100.10) (Process ID 1)
253 May 15 13:07:49.167: Rcv Changed Type-1 LSA, LSID 198.51.100.2,
Adv-Rtr 198.51.100.2, Seq# 80000002, Age 1, Area 0
271 May 15 13:07:32.237: Generate New Type-2 LSA, LSID 198.51.100.1,
Seq# 80000001, Age 0, Area 0
275 May 15 13:07:32.238: Generate Changed Type-1 LSA, LSID 198.51.100.10,
Seq# 80000002, Age 0, Area 0
276 May 15 13:07:32.228: Rcv New Type-1 LSA, LSID 198.51.100.2,
Adv-Rtr 198.51.100.2, Seq# 80000001, Age 1, Area 0
show ospf events neighbor rib
此命令提供有关在RIB中添加的路由以及安装的路由类型（内部/内部）的信息。
asa(config)# show ospf events neighbor rib
255 May 15 13:07:54.168: RIB Update, dest 172.18.124.0, mask 255.255.255.255,
gw 198.51.100.2, via inside, source 198.51.100.2, type Intra
287 May 15 13:07:31.738: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
LOADING to FULL
288 May 15 13:07:31.738: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
EXCHANGE to LOADING
289 May 15 13:07:31.738: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
EXSTART to EXCHANGE
298 May 15 13:07:31.738: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
2WAY to EXSTART
304 May 15 13:07:31.738: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
INIT to 2WAY
305 May 15 13:07:31.728: Neighbor 198.51.100.2, Interface inside state changes from
DOWN to INIT
show ospf events spf
运行SPF计算后，生成的运行时间和LSA机会记录在SPF事件列表中。
asa(config)# show ospf events spf
235 May 15 13:07:54.167: End of SPF, SPF time 0ms, next wait-interval 10000ms
240 May 15 13:07:54.167: Starting External processing in area 0
241 May 15 13:07:54.167: Starting External processing
244 May 15 13:07:54.167: Starting summary processing, Area 0
250 May 15 13:07:54.167: Starting Intra-Area SPF, Area 0, spf_type Full
251 May 15 13:07:54.167: Starting SPF, wait-interval 5000ms
254 May 15 13:07:49.167: Schedule SPF, Area 0, spf-type Full, Change in LSA
Type RLSID 198.51.100.2, Adv-Rtr 198.51.100.2
255 May 15 13:07:37.227: End of SPF, SPF time 0ms, next wait-interval 10000ms
260 May 15 13:07:37.228: Starting External processing in area 0
261 May 15 13:07:37.228: Starting External processing
264 May 15 13:07:37.228: Starting summary processing, Area 0
268 May 15 13:07:37.228: Starting Intra-Area SPF, Area 0, spf_type Full
269 May 15 13:07:37.228: Starting SPF, wait-interval 5000ms
272 May 15 13:07:32.238: Schedule SPF, Area 0, spf-type Full, Change in LSA
Type NLSID 198.51.100.1, Adv-Rtr 198.51.100.10
274 May 15 13:07:32.238: Schedule SPF, Area 0, spf-type Full, Change in LSA
Type RLSID 198.51.100.10, Adv-Rtr 198.51.100.10
277 May 15 13:07:32.228: Schedule SPF, Area 0, spf-type Full, Change in LSA
Type RLSID 198.51.100.2, Adv-Rtr 198.51.100.2
show ospf events generic
此输出包含一般的全过程事件，例如指定路由器(DR)选举和邻接关系更改。
asa(config)# show ospf events generic
236 May 15 13:07:54.167: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
237 May 15 13:07:54.167: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
238 May 15 13:07:54.167: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
239 May 15 13:07:54.168: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
242 May 15 13:07:54.168: Generic: ospf_inter_route_sync0x0
243 May 15 13:07:54.168: Generic: ospf_inter_route_sync0x0
245 May 15 13:07:54.168: Generic: post_spf_intra0x0
246 May 15 13:07:54.168: Generic: ospf_intra_route_sync0x0
248 May 15 13:07:54.168: Generic: ospf_intra_route_sync0x0
249 May 15 13:07:54.168: DB add: 172.18.124.00x987668 204
252 May 15 13:07:51.668: Timer Exp: if_ack_delayed0xcb97dfe0
256 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
257 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
258 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
259 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_external_route_sync0x0
262 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_inter_route_sync0x0
263 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_inter_route_sync0x0
265 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: post_spf_intra0x0
266 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_intra_route_sync0x0
267 May 15 13:07:37.228: Generic: ospf_intra_route_sync0x0
270 May 15 13:07:34.728: Timer Exp: if_ack_delayed0xcb97dfe0
273 May 15 13:07:32.238: DB add: 198.51.100.100x987848 206
278 May 15 13:07:32.228: DB add: 198.51.100.20x987938 205
283 May 15 13:07:31.738: Elect DR: inside198.51.100.10
284 May 15 13:07:31.738: Elect BDR: inside198.51.100.2
285 May 15 13:07:31.736: i/f state nbr chg: inside0x5
287 May 15 13:07:31.736: Elect DR: inside198.51.100.10
288 May 15 13:07:31.736: Elect BDR: inside198.51.100.2
289 May 15 13:07:31.736: i/f state nbr chg: inside0x5
291 May 15 13:07:31.736: nbr state adjok: 198.51.100.20x3
293 May 15 13:07:31.736: Elect DR: inside198.51.100.10
294 May 15 13:07:31.736: Elect BDR: inside198.51.100.2
295 May 15 13:07:31.736: i/f state nbr chg: inside0x5
show ospf rib detail
此命令（如前所述）允许管理员查看从对等体获知的路由，以及这些路由是否已安装到RIB中。由于路由过滤（之前列出），路由可能未安装到RIB中。
asa(config)# show ospf rib detail
OSPF Router with ID (198.51.100.1) (Process ID 1)
OSPF local RIB
Codes: * - Best, > - Installed in global RIB
*> 172.18.124.0/32, Intra, cost 11, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:13:59
Flags: RIB, HiPrio
via 198.51.100.2, inside, flags: RIB
LSA: 1/198.51.100.2/198.51.100.2
* 10.20.20.0/32, Intra, cost 11, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:13:59
Flags: HiPrio
via 198.51.100.2, inside, flags: none
LSA: 1/198.51.100.2/198.51.100.2
*> 192.168.10.0/32, Intra, cost 11, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:13:59
Flags: RIB, HiPrio
via 198.51.100.2, inside, flags: RIB
LSA: 1/198.51.100.2/198.51.100.2
* 198.51.100.0/24, Intra, cost 10, area 0
SPF Instance 13, age 0:52:52
Flags: Connected
via 198.51.100.10, inside, flags: Connected
LSA: 2/198.51.100.2/192.151.100.10
show ospf neighbor detail
show ospf neighbor detail命令可用于详细信息OSPF邻接的状态。
asa(config)# show ospf neighbor detail
Neighbor 198.51.100.2, interface address 198.51.100.2
In the area 0 via interface ISP
Neighbor priority is 1, State is FULL, 6 state changes
DR is 198.51.100.10 BDR is 198.51.100.2
Options is 0x12 in Hello (E-bit, L-bit)
Options is 0x52 in DBD (E-bit, L-bit, O-bit)
Dead timer due in 0:00:16
Neighbor is up for 00:02:45
Index 1/1, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 0
First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last retransmission scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
OSPF重分布BGP
为了支持边界网关协议(BGP)重分配进入和退出其他路由协议，OSPF路由器配置中引入了redistribute bgp命令。输入此命令以将通过BGP获知的路由重新分配到正在运行的OSPF进程中。
asa(config)# router ospf 1
asa(config-router)# redistribute bgp ?
router mode commands/options:
100 Autonomous system number
ASA-1(config-router)# redistribute bgp 100
验证
当前没有可用于此配置的验证过程。
故障排除
目前没有针对此配置的故障排除信息。
修订历史记录
| 版本 | 发布日期 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
1.0 |
04-Sep-2014 |
初始版本 |
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