明确FTD访问控制策略规则操作

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已更新: 2024 年 8 月 16 日

文档 ID:212321

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简介

本文档介绍 Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) 访问控制策略 (ACP) 和预过滤器策略中可用的各种操作。

先决条件

要求

Cisco 建议您了解以下主题：

流分流
Firepower威胁防御设备上的数据包捕获
FTD 设备上的数据包跟踪器和带有跟踪选项的 capture 命令

使用的组件

本文档中的信息基于以下软件和硬件版本：

思科 Firepower 4110 威胁防御版本 6.4.0（内部版本 113）和 6.6.0（内部版本 90）
Firepower 管理中心 (FMC) 版本 6.4.0（内部版本 113）和 6.6.0（内部版本 90）

本文档中的信息都是基于特定实验室环境中的设备编写的。本文档中使用的所有设备最初均采用原始（默认）配置。如果您的网络处于活动状态，请确保您了解所有命令的潜在影响。

背景信息

检查每个操作的后台操作，以及它与其他功能（如流量卸载和打开辅助连接的协议）的交互。

FTD 是由两个主要引擎组成的统一软件映像：

LINA 引擎
Snort 引擎

下图显示了这两个引擎的交互方式：

LINA和Snort引擎如何交互

数据包进入入口接口并由 LINA 引擎处理
如果 FTD 策略要求，数据包将由 Snort 引擎检查
Snort引擎返回数据包的判定（允许列表或阻止列表）
LINA 引擎根据 Snort 的判定丢弃或转发数据包

ACP的部署方式

使用机下（远程）管理时，在 FMC 上配置 FTD 策略；使用本地管理时，在 Firepower 设备管理器 (FDM) 上配置 FTD 策略。在这两种情况下，ACP 均部署为：

FTD LINA引擎的名为CSM_FW_ACL_的全局访问控制列表(ACL)
/ngfw/var/sf/detection_engines/<UUID>/ngfw.rules文件中的访问控制(AC)规则到FTD Snort引擎

配置

ACP 可用操作

FTD ACP 包含一个或多个规则，每个规则可以具有以下任一操作，如图所示：

允许
信任
监控
阻止
阻止并重置
交互式块
交互式阻止并重置

ACP 可用操作

同样，预过滤器策略也可以包含一个或多个规则，可能的操作如下图所示：

添加预过滤器规则

ACP 和预过滤器策略如何交互

预过滤器策略是在6.1版本中引入的，主要有2个用途：

它允许检查隧道流量，其中 FTD LINA 引擎检查外部 IP 报头，而 Snort 引擎检查内部 IP 报头。更具体地说，对于隧道流量（例如GRE），预过滤器策略中的规则始终对外部报头起作用，而ACP中的规则始终适用于内部会话（内部报头）。隧道流量是指以下协议：

GRE
IP-in-IP
IPv6-in-IP
Teredo 端口 3544

它提供早期访问控制(EAC)，允许流量完全绕过Snort引擎（如图所示）。

绕过Snort引擎

预过滤器规则作为L3/L4访问控制元素(ACE)部署在FTD上，并在已配置的L3/L4 ACE之前，如图所示：

预过滤器规则部署在FTD上

注意：预过滤器v/s ACP规则=应用了第一个匹配项。

ACP 阻止操作

请看下图中所示的拓扑：

场景 1.早期LINA下降

ACP 包含使用 L4 条件（目的端口 TCP 80）的阻止规则，如下图所示：

ACP包含使用L4条件的阻止规则

Snort 中部署的策略：

268435461 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 80 any 6

LINA 中部署的策略。请注意，规则作为 deny 操作推送：

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced deny tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x6149c43c

验证行为：

当主机A (192.168.1.40)尝试打开与主机B (192.168.2.40)的HTTP会话时，TCP同步(SYN)数据包被FTD LINA引擎丢弃，并且无法到达Snort引擎或目标：

firepower# show capture
capture CAPI type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface INSIDE [Capturing - 430 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 any
capture CAPO type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface OUTSIDE [Capturing - 0 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 any

firepower# show capture CAPI
   1: 11:08:09.672801  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4060517 0>
   2: 11:08:12.672435  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4063517 0>
   3: 11:08:18.672847  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4069517 0>
   4: 11:08:30.673610  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4081517 0>

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace
   1: 11:08:09.672801  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4060517 0>
...

Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: DROP
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced deny tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-start
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1
Additional Information:   
                             <- No Additional Information = No Snort Inspection

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: drop
Drop-reason: (acl-drop) Flow is denied by configured rule

`场景 2：由于Snort判定而丢弃`

ACP 包含使用 L7 条件（应用 HTTP）的阻止规则，如下图所示：

Snort 中部署的策略：

268435461 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any  (appid 676:1)

Appid 676:1 = HTTP

LINA 中部署的策略。

注意：由于LINA无法确定会话是否使用HTTP，因此该规则作为 permit 操作被推送。在FTD上，应用检测机制位于Snort引擎中。

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 (hitcnt=0) 0xb788b786

对于使用 Application 作为条件的Block规则，实际数据包的跟踪表明，由于Snort引擎判定，LINA丢弃了会话。

注意：要使Snort引擎确定应用，它必须检查几个数据包（通常为3-10，具体取决于应用解码器）。因此，一些数据包允许通过 FTD 并到达目的地。允许的数据包仍然需要根据 Access Policy > Advanced > Intrusion Policy used before Access Control rule is determined 选项进行入侵策略检查。

验证行为：

当主机 A (192.168.1.40) 尝试与主机 B (192.168.2.40) 建立 HTTP 会话时，LINA 入口捕获显示：

firepower# show capture CAPI 8 packets captured 1: 11:31:19.825564 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 357753151:357753151(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0> 2: 11:31:19.826403 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 1283931030:1283931030(0) ack 357753152 win 2896 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579> 3: 11:31:19.826556 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450580 5449236> 4: 11:31:20.026899 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450781 5449236> 5: 11:31:20.428887 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5451183 5449236> ...

出口捕获显示：

firepower# show capture CAPO 5 packets captured 1: 11:31:19.825869 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 1163713179:1163713179(0) win 2920 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0> 2: 11:31:19.826312 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579> 3: 11:31:23.426049 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5452836 5450579> 4: 11:31:29.426430 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5458836 5450579> 5: 11:31:41.427208 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5470836 5450579>

跟踪显示，由于尚未达到应用检测判定，Snort允许第一个数据包(TCP SYN)：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace 1: 11:31:19.825564 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 357753151:357753151(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0> ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1 Additional Information: This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached ... Phase: 10 Type: FLOW-CREATION Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: New flow created with id 23194, packet dispatched to next module … Phase: 12 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 357753151 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 Firewall: pending rule-matching, id 268435461, pending AppID NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Result: input-interface: OUTSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

TCP SYN/ACK 数据包也是如此：

firepower# show capture CAPO packet-number 2 trace 2: 11:31:19.826312 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579> … Phase: 3 Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Found flow with id 23194, using existing flow … Phase: 5 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 1283931030, ack 357753152 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 Firewall: pending rule-matching, id 268435461, pending AppID NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: INSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

一旦第三个数据包的检查完成，Snort就会返回DROP判定：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace 3: 11:31:19.826556 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450580 5449236> Phase: 3 Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Found flow with id 23194, using existing flow Phase: 5 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: DROP Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 357753152, ack 1283931031 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html Firewall: block rule, id 268435461, drop Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST, Blocked by Firewall Snort Verdict: (block-list) block list this flow Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up Action: drop Drop-reason: (firewall) Blocked by the firewall preprocessor

您还可以在FTD CLISH模式下运行命令 system support trace 。此工具提供2个功能：

 显示发送到数据采集库(DAQ)并在LINA中看到的每个数据包的Snort判定。DAQ 是位于 FTD LINA 引擎和 Snort 引擎之间的组件
 允许同时运行系统支持防火墙引擎调试，以查看Snort引擎本身发生的情况

以下是输出：

> system support trace Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40 Please specify a server port: Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Monitoring packet tracer debug messages Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 2620409313 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 New session 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 pending rule order 2, 'Rule1', AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: pending rule-matching, 'Rule1', pending AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 3700371680, ack 2620409314 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 pending rule order 2, 'Rule1', AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: pending rule-matching, 'Rule1', pending AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 2620409314, ack 3700371681 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 686, misc 0, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html, xff 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 match rule order 2, 'Rule1', action Block 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 deny action 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: block rule, 'Rule1', drop 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Deleting session 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 ===> Blocked by Firewall

摘要

 ACP 阻止操作在 LINA 中部署为许可或拒绝规则，具体取决于规则条件
 如果条件为 L3/L4，则 LINA 会阻止数据包。使用TCP时，第一个数据包(TCP SYN)被阻止
 如果条件为 L7，则数据包将被转发到 Snort 引擎以进行进一步检查。如果使用 TCP，则在 Snort 作出判定之前，会允许一些数据包通过 FTD。根据Access Policy > Advanced > Intrusion Policy used before Access Control rule is determined选项，允许的数据包仍需要接受入侵策略检查。

`ACP 阻止并重置操作`

在 FMC UI 上配置的“阻止并重置”规则：

阻止并重置规则作为 permit 规则部署在FTD LINA引擎上，并作为 reset 规则部署到Snort引擎：

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=0) 0xba785fc0 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Block-RST_Rule2 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort 引擎：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules … # Start of AC rule. 268438864 reset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6 # End rule 268438864 268438865 reset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17) # End rule 268438865

当数据包与Block with reset rule匹配时，FTD会发送数 TCP Reset 据包或 ICMP Type 3 Code 13 Destination Unreachable (Administratively filtered)消息：

root@kali:~/tests# wget 192.168.11.50/file1.zip --2020-06-20 22:48:10-- http://192.168.11.50/file1.zip Connecting to 192.168.11.50:80... failed: Connection refused.

以下是在 FTD 入口接口上执行的捕获：

firepower# show capture CAPI
2 packets captured 
1: 21:01:00.977259 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.41986 > 192.168.11.50.80: S 3120295488:3120295488(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3740873275 0,nop,wscale 7> 
2: 21:01:00.978114 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.41986: R 0:0(0) ack 3120295489 win 0 2 packets shown

System support trace 本例中的输出显示由于Snort判定而丢弃数据包：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 3387496622 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 new firewall session 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 using HW or preset rule order 2, 'Block-RST-Rule1', action Reset and prefilter rule 0 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438864, 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 reset action 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 deleting firewall session flags = 0x0, fwFlags = 0x0 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: block w/ reset rule, 'Block-RST-Rule1', drop 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 9, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

使用案例

与 Block 操作相同，但会立即终止连接。

`ACP 允许操作`

`场景 1.ACP允许操作（L3/L4条件）`

通常，您会配置允许规则以指定其他检查，如入侵策略和/或文件策略。第一个场景演示了在应用L3/L4条件时Allow规则的操作。

考虑下图所示的拓扑：

应用此策略如图所示：

Snort 中部署的策略。请注意，规则部署为allow 操作：

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 80 any 6

LINA 中的策略。

注意：规则部署为操 permit 作，实质上表示重定向到Snort以进行进一步检查。

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 (hitcnt=1) 0x641a20c3

要查看FTD如何处理与Allow规则匹配的流，有以下几种方法：

 验证 Snort 统计信息
 使用 system support trace CLISH 工具
 在 LINA 中使用带有跟踪选项的 capture 命令，或者在 Snort 引擎中使用 capture-traffic 命令

LINA capture 命令与 Snort capture-traffic 命令：

验证行为：

清除Snort统计信息，启用 system support trace from CLISH, and initiate an HTTP flow from host-A (192.168.1.40) to host-B (192.168.2.40). All the packets are forwarded to the Snort engine and get the PASS verdict by the Snort:

firepower# clear snort statistics

> system support trace Please specify an IP protocol: Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40 Please specify a server port: Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: Monitoring packet tracer debug messages Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 361134402 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 1591434735, ack 361134403 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 361134403, ack 1591434736 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

Pass Packets计数器增加：

> show snort statistics Packet Counters:  Passed Packets 54 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 0 Blocklisted Flows 0 ...

Passed Packets = Snort引擎检查

`场景 2：ACP允许操作（L3-7条件）`

当按如下方式部署Allow规则时，会看到类似行为。

只有L3/L4条件，如图所示：

L7条件（例如，入侵策略、文件策略、应用等）如图所示：

摘要

总而言之，以上介绍了 FP4100/9300 上部署的 FTD 如何处理匹配“允许”规则的流，如下图所示：

注意：管理输入输出(MIO)是firepower机箱的管理引擎。

`场景 3：Snort快速转发判定和Allow`

在某些特定场景中，FTD Snort引擎会提供PERMITLIST判定（快进），而流的其余部分会卸载到LINA引擎（在某些情况下，然后卸载到HW加速器- SmartNIC）。即：

 未配置 SSL 策略的 SSL 流量
 智能应用旁路(IAB)

这是数据包路径的可视表示：

在某些情况下：

要点

 “允许”规则在 Snort 中部署为允许，在 LINA 中部署为许可
 在大多数情况下，会话的所有数据包都会转发到Snort引擎进行其他检查

使用案例

当需要Snort引擎进行L7检测时，应配置允许规则，例如：

 入侵策略
 文件策略

`ACP 信任操作`

`场景 1.ACP 信任操作`

如果不想在Snort级别应用高级L7检测（例如，入侵策略、文件策略、网络发现），但仍希望使用安全情报(SI)、身份策略、QoS等功能，则建议在规则中使用Trust操作。

拓扑：

已配置的策略：

FTD Snort 引擎中部署的“信任”规则：

# Start of AC rule. 268438858 fastpath any 192.168.10.50 31 any any 192.168.11.50 31 80 any 6 (log dcforward flowend)

注意：数字6是协议(TCP)。

FTD LINA 中的规则：

firepower# show access-list | i 268438858 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 17 remark rule-id 268438858: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 18 remark rule-id 268438858: L7 RULE: trust_L3-L4 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp object-group FMC_INLINE_src_rule_268438858 object-group FMC_INLINE_dst_rule_268438858 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=19) 0x29588b4f access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.50 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=19) 0x9d442895 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.50 host 192.168.11.51 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0xd026252b access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.51 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0x0d785cc4 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.51 host 192.168.11.51 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0x3b3234f1

验证：

启用 system support trace 并启动从主机A (192.168.10.50)到主机B (192.168.11.50)的HTTP会话。有 3 个数据包转发到 Snort 引擎。Snort引擎向LINA发送PERMITLIST判定，该判定实际上会将流的其余部分卸载到LINA引擎：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: 80 Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 453426648 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 new firewall session 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 using HW or preset rule order 5, 'trust_L3-L4', action Trust and prefilter rule 0 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438858, 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 2820426532, ack 453426649 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 453426649, ack 2820426533 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST

连接终止后，Snort 引擎会从 LINA 引擎获取元数据信息并删除会话：

192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 Got end of flow event from hardware with flags 00010001. Rule Match Data: rule_id 0, rule_action 0 rev_id 0, rule_flags 3 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 Logging EOF for event from hardware with rule_id = 268438858 ruleAction = 3 ruleReason = 0 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 : Received EOF, deleting the snort session. 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: deleting snort session, reason: timeout 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 deleting firewall session flags = 0x10003, fwFlags = 0x1115 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: deleted snort session using 0 bytes; protocol id:(-1) : LWstate 0xf LWFlags 0x6007

Snort capture显示了发送到Snort引擎的3个数据包：

> capture-traffic Please choose domain to capture traffic from: 0 - management0 1 - management1 2 - Global Selection? 2 Please specify tcpdump options desired. (or enter '?' for a list of supported options) Options: -n vlan and (host 192.168.10.50 and host 192.168.11.50) 10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.10.50.42144 > 192.168.11.50.80: Flags [S], seq 3065553465, win 29200, options [mss 1380,sackOK,TS val 3789188468 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42144: Flags [S.], seq 3581351172, ack 3065553466, win 8192, options [mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,TS val 57650410 ecr 3789188468], length 0 10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.10.50.42144 > 192.168.11.50.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 3789188470 ecr 57650410], length 0

LINA capture 命令显示通过它的流量：

firepower# show capture CAPI 437 packets captured 1: 09:51:19.431007 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: S 2459891187:2459891187(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3787091387 0,nop,wscale 7> 2: 09:51:19.431648 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: S 2860907367:2860907367(0) ack 2459891188 win 8192 <mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,timestamp 57440579 3787091387> 3: 09:51:19.431847 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: . ack 2860907368 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3787091388 57440579> 4: 09:51:19.431953 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: P 2459891188:2459891337(149) ack 2860907368 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3787091388 57440579> 5: 09:51:19.444816 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: . 2860907368:2860908736(1368) ack 2459891337 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 57440580 3787091388> 6: 09:51:19.444831 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: . 2860908736:2860910104(1368) ack 2459891337 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 57440580 3787091388> …

跟踪来自 LINA 的数据包是查看 Snort 判定的另一种方式。第一个数据包得到PASS判定：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace | i Type|Verdict Type: CAPTURE Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: ROUTE-LOOKUP Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: CONN-SETTINGS Type: NAT Type: NAT Type: IP-OPTIONS Type: CAPTURE Type: CAPTURE Type: NAT Type: CAPTURE Type: NAT Type: IP-OPTIONS Type: CAPTURE Type: FLOW-CREATION Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT Type: SNORT Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Type: INPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP-FROM-OUTPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP Type: ADJACENCY-LOOKUP Type: CAPTURE

跟踪外部接口上的TCP SYN/ACK数据包：

firepower# show capture CAPO packet-number 2 trace | i Type|Verdict Type: CAPTURE Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT Type: SNORT Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Type: INPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP-FROM-OUTPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP Type: ADJACENCY-LOOKUP Type: CAPTURE

TCP ACK将获得允许列表判定：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace | i Type|Verdict Type: CAPTURE Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT Type: SNORT Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow Type: CAPTURE

以下是 Snort 判定的完整输出（数据包 3）

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace | b Type: SNORT Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 687485179, ack 1029625865 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268438858, allow Snort id 31, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow

第4个数据包不会转发到Snort引擎，因为判定由LINA引擎缓存：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 4 trace 441 packets captured 4: 10:34:02.741523 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42158 > 192.168.11.50.80: P 164375589:164375738(149) ack 3008397532 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3789654678 57697031> Phase: 1 Type: CAPTURE Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: MAC Access list Phase: 2 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Implicit Rule Additional Information: MAC Access list Phase: 3 Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Found flow with id 1254, using existing flow Phase: 4 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow Result: input-interface: INSIDE(vrfid:0) input-status: up input-line-status: up Action: allow 1 packet shown

Snort 统计信息证实了这一点：

firepower# show snort statistics Packet Counters: Passed Packets 2 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 1 Blacklisted Flows 0 Miscellaneous Counters: Start-of-Flow events 0 End-of-Flow events 1 Denied flow events 0 Frames forwarded to Snort before drop 0 Inject packets dropped 0

使用“信任”规则的数据包流。Snort会检查一些数据包，其余数据包由LINA检查：

`场景 2：ACP信任操作（无SI、QoS和身份策略）`

如果希望FTD对所有流应用安全情报(SI)检查，则已在ACP级别启用SI，您可以指定SI源（TALOS、源、列表等）。另一方面，如果要禁用 SI，您可以为每个 ACP 全局禁用网络的 SI 并禁用 URL 的 SI 和 DNS 的 SI。网络和 URL 的 SI 已禁用，如下图所示：

在本例中，“信任”规则作为信任操作部署到 LINA：

> show access-list
... access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced trust ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0x5c1346d6

注意：从6.2.2开始，FTD支持TID。TID 的工作方式与 SI 类似，但如果 SI 被禁用，FTD 不会“强制”将数据包重定向到 Snort 引擎以进行 TID 检查。

验证行为

从主机A(192.168.1.40)向主机B(192.168.2.40)发起HTTP会话。由于这是FP4100，并支持硬件中的流量分流，因此会发生以下情况：

 一些数据包通过FTD LINA引擎转发，其余的数据流被分流到SmartNIC（硬件加速器）
 没有数据包转发到Snort引擎

FTD LINA连接表显示"o" 标志，表示流已卸载到硬件。此外，请注意缺少“N”标志。这实质上意味着“无Snort重定向”：

firepower# show conn 1 in use, 15 most used TCP OUTSIDE 192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE 192.168.1.40:32809, idle 0:00:00, bytes 949584, flags UIOo

Snort 统计信息仅显示会话开始和结束时的日志记录事件：

firepower# show snort statistics  Packet Counters: Passed Packets 0 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 0 Blacklisted Flows 0 Miscellaneous Counters:  Start-of-Flow events 1 End-of-Flow events 1

FTD LINA 日志显示，每个会话有 2 个流（每个方向一个）分流到硬件：

Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40 Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 25384 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 25384 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 25384 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805002: TCP Flow is no longer offloaded for connection 25384 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805002: TCP Flow is no longer offloaded for connection 25384 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-302014: Teardown TCP connection 25384 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 duration 0:00:00 bytes 1055048 TCP FINs Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-7-609002: Teardown local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40 duration 0:00:00

将信任规则作为LINA中的操 trust 作部署的数据包流。LINA会检查一些数据包，其余数据包被卸载到SmartNIC(FP4100/FP9300):

使用案例

 如果希望仅由Snort引擎检查几个数据包（例如应用检测、SI检查），并将流的其余部分卸载到LINA引擎，则必须使用Trust 操作
 如果在FP4100/9300上使用FTD并希望流完全绕过Snort检查，则考虑具有Fastpath操作的预过滤器规则（请参阅本文档中的相关部分）

`预过滤器策略阻止操作`

考虑下图所示的拓扑：

另请考虑下图所示的策略：

这是FTD Snort引擎（ngfw.rules文件）中部署的策略：

# Start of tunnel and priority rules. # These rules are evaluated by LINA. Only tunnel tags are used from the matched rule id. 268437506 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any (tunnel -1

LINA 中部署的策略：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 1 remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 2 remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced deny ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x76476240

当您跟踪虚拟数据包时，它显示数据包被LINA丢弃，并且从不转发到Snort:

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 … Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: DROP Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced deny ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-start access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1 Additional Information: Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: drop Drop-reason: (acl-drop) Flow is denied by configured rule

Snort 统计信息显示：

firepower# show snort statistics Packet Counters: Passed Packets 0 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 0 Blacklisted Flows 0 Miscellaneous Counters: Start-of-Flow events 0 End-of-Flow events 0  Denied flow events 1

LINA ASP 丢包显示：

firepower# show asp drop Frame drop: Flow is denied by configured rule (acl-drop) 1

使用案例

当您想要根据L3/L4条件阻止流量且无需对流量执行任何Snort检测时，可以使用Prefilter Block规则。

`预过滤器策略快速路径操作`

考虑下图所示的预过滤器策略规则：

以下是FTD Snort引擎中已部署的策略：

268437506 fastpath any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowend) (tunnel -1)

FTD LINA 中部署的策略：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 1 remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 2 remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced trust tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0xf3410b6f

验证行为

当主机 A (192.168.1.40) 尝试打开与主机 B (192.168.2.40) 的 HTTP 会话时，少量数据包会通过 LINA，而其余数据包会分流到 SmartNIC。在本例中， system support trace 启用 firewall-engine-debug 时显示：

> system support trace  Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40 Please specify a server port: Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Monitoring packet tracer debug messages 192.168.1.40-32840 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 8 Got end of flow event from hardware with flags 04000000

LINA 日志显示已分流的流：

Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40 Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40 Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 966 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 966 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 966 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840)

LINA捕获显示8个数据包通过：

firepower# show capture capture CAPI type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface INSIDE [Capturing - 3908 bytes] match ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 capture CAPO type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface OUTSIDE [Capturing - 3908 bytes] match ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40

firepower# show capture CAPI 8 packets captured 1: 14:45:32.700021 192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3195173118:3195173118(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 332569060 0> 2: 14:45:32.700372 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: S 184794124:184794124(0) ack 3195173119 win 2896 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 332567732 332569060> 3: 14:45:32.700540 192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 3195173119:3195173317(198) ack 184794125 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 332569060 332567732> 4: 14:45:32.700876 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: . 184794125:184795493(1368) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569060> 5: 14:45:32.700922 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: P 184795493:184796861(1368) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569060> 6: 14:45:32.701425 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: FP 184810541:184810851(310) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569061> 7: 14:45:32.701532 192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: F 3195173317:3195173317(0) ack 184810852 win 2736 <nop,nop,timestamp 332569061 332567733> 8: 14:45:32.701639 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: . ack 3195173318 win 2697 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567734 332569061>

FTD 流分流统计信息显示 22 个数据包分流到硬件：

firepower# show flow-offload statistics Packet stats of port : 0  Tx Packet count : 22  Rx Packet count : 22 Dropped Packet count : 0 VNIC transmitted packet : 22 VNIC transmitted bytes : 15308 VNIC Dropped packets : 0 VNIC erroneous received : 0 VNIC CRC errors : 0 VNIC transmit failed : 0 VNIC multicast received : 0

您还可以使用 show flow-offload flow 命令查看与分载流相关的其他信息。例如：

firepower# show flow-offload flow
Total offloaded flow stats: 2 in use, 4 most used, 20% offloaded, 0 collisions
TCP intfc 103 src 192.168.1.40:39301 dest 192.168.2.40:20, static, timestamp 616063741, packets 33240, bytes 2326800
TCP intfc 104 src 192.168.2.40:20 dest 192.168.1.40:39301, static, timestamp 616063760, packets 249140, bytes 358263320
firepower# show conn
5 in use, 5 most used
Inspect Snort:
        preserve-connection: 1 enabled, 0 in effect, 4 most enabled, 0 most in effect

TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:21 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:40988, idle 0:00:00, bytes 723, flags UIO
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:21 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:40980, idle 0:02:40, bytes 1086, flags UIO
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:49442, idle 0:00:00, bytes 86348310, flags UIO N1
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:20 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:39301, idle 0:00:00, bytes 485268628, flags Uo <- offloaded flow
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:20 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:34713, idle 0:02:40, bytes 821799360, flags UFRIO

 百分比基于“show conn”输出。例如，如果总共5个连接通过FTD LINA引擎，其中1个被分流，则20%被报告为分流
 卸载会话的最大限制取决于软件版本(例如，ASA 9.8.3和FTD 6.2.3支持400万个双向（或800万个单向）卸载流)
 如果卸载流的数量达到限制（例如400万个双向流），在从卸载表中删除当前连接之前，不会卸载任何新连接

要查看 FP4100/9300 上通过 FTD（分流 + LINA）的所有数据包，需要在机箱级别启用捕获，如下图所示：

机箱背板捕获显示两个方向。由于 FXOS 捕获架构（每个方向 2 个捕获点），每个数据包显示两次，如下图所示：

数据包统计信息：

 通过FTD的数据包总数：30
 通过FTD LINA的数据包：8
 卸载到SmartNIC硬件加速器的数据包：22

在平台与FP4100/FP9300不同的情况下，所有数据包都由LINA引擎处理，因为不支持流量分流(注意缺少o标志)：

FP2100-6# show conn addr 192.168.1.40 33 in use, 123 most used Inspect Snort: preserve-connection: 0 enabled, 0 in effect, 2 most enabled, 0 most in effect TCP OUTSIDE 192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE 192.168.1.40:50890, idle 0:00:09, bytes 175, flags UxIO

LINA 系统日志仅显示连接建立和连接终止事件：

FP2100-6# show log | i 192.168.2.40 Jun 21 2020 14:29:44: %FTD-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 6914 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/50900 (192.168.11.101/50900) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Jun 21 2020 14:30:30: %FTD-6-302014: Teardown TCP connection 6914 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/50900 to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 duration 0:00:46 bytes 565 TCP FINs from OUTSIDE

使用案例

 如果要完全绕过 Snort 检查，可使用预过滤器快速路径操作。您通常希望对您信任的大数据流（如备份、数据库传输等）执行此操作
 在 FP4100/9300 设备上，“快速路径”操作会触发流分流，并且只有少量数据包通过 FTD LINA 引擎。其余数据包由 SmartNIC 处理，从而减少延迟

`预过滤器策略快速路径操作（内联集）`

如果对通过内联集（NGIPS接口）的流量应用预过滤器策略快速路径操作，则必须考虑以下几点：

 该规则作为信任操作应用于 LINA 引擎
 Snort 引擎不检查流
 由于流分流不适用于 NGIPS 接口，因此不会发生流分流（硬件加速）

以下是在内联集上应用预过滤器Fastpath操作时的数据包跟踪示例：

firepower# packet-tracer input inside tcp 192.168.1.40 12345 192.168.1.50 80 detailed Phase: 1 Type: NGIPS-MODE Subtype: ngips-mode Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: The flow ingressed an interface configured for NGIPS mode and NGIPS services will be applied Forward Flow based lookup yields rule: in id=0x2ad7ac48b330, priority=501, domain=ips-mode, deny=false hits=2, user_data=0x2ad80d54abd0, cs_id=0x0, flags=0x0, protocol=0 src ip/id=0.0.0.0, mask=0.0.0.0, port=0, tag=any dst ip/id=0.0.0.0, mask=0.0.0.0, port=0, tag=any, dscp=0x0 input_ifc=inside, output_ifc=any Phase: 2 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced trust ip object 192.168.1.0 object 192.168.1.0 rule-id 268438531 event-log flow-end access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268438531: PREFILTER POLICY: PF1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268438531: RULE: 1 Additional Information: Forward Flow based lookup yields rule: in id=0x2ad9f9f8a7f0, priority=12, domain=permit, trust hits=1, user_data=0x2ad9b23c5d40, cs_id=0x0, use_real_addr, flags=0x0, protocol=0 src ip/id=192.168.1.0, mask=255.255.255.0, port=0, tag=any, ifc=any dst ip/id=192.168.1.0, mask=255.255.255.0, port=0, tag=any, ifc=any, vlan=0, dscp=0x0 input_ifc=any, output_ifc=any Phase: 3 Type: NGIPS-EGRESS-INTERFACE-LOOKUP Subtype: Resolve Egress Interface Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Ingress interface inside is in NGIPS inline mode. Egress interface outside is determined by inline-set configuration Phase: 4 Type: FLOW-CREATION Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: New flow created with id 7, packet dispatched to next module Module information for forward flow ... snp_fp_ips_tcp_state_track_lite snp_fp_ips_mode_adj snp_fp_tracer_drop snp_ifc_stat Module information for reverse flow ... snp_fp_ips_tcp_state_track_lite snp_fp_ips_mode_adj snp_fp_tracer_drop snp_ifc_stat Result: input-interface: inside input-status: up input-line-status: up Action: allow

这是数据包路径的可视表示：

`预过滤器策略快速路径操作（带分路器的内联集）`

与内联集情况相同

`预过滤器策略分析操作`

`场景 1.使用ACP阻止规则进行预过滤器分析`

考虑包含分析规则的预过滤器策略，如下图所示：

ACP仅包含默认规则，该规则设置 Block All Traffic 为如图所示：

这是FTD Snort引擎（ngfw.rules文件）中部署的策略：

# Start of tunnel and priority rules. # These rules are evaluated by LINA. Only tunnel tags are used from the matched rule id. 268435460 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any 1025-65535 any any 3544 any 17 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any 3544 any any 1025-65535 any 17 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any any any any any any 47 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any any any any any any 41 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any any any any any any 4 (tunnel -1) # End of tunnel and priority rules. # Start of AC rule. 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

以下是 FTD LINA 引擎中部署的策略：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=0) 0xb788b786

验证行为

Packet Tracer显示，LINA允许该数据包，将该数据包转发到Snort引擎(由于操permit 作)，并且Snort引擎会返回判 Block 断，因为来自AC的默认操作匹配。

注意：Snort不根据隧道规则评估流量

当跟踪数据包时，会显示相同的信息：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information:  This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached … Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: DROP Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: block rule, id 268435458, drop Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST, Blocked by Firewall Snort Verdict: (block-list) block list this flow Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: drop Drop-reason: (firewall) Blocked by the firewall preprocessor

`场景 2：使用ACP允许规则进行预过滤器分析`

如果目标是允许数据包通过 FTD，则需要在 ACP 中添加规则。Action可以是Allow或Trust，具体取决于目标(例如，如果要应用L7检测，则必须使用 Allow 操作)，如图所示：

FTD Snort 引擎中部署的策略：

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

LINA 引擎中部署的策略：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=1) 0xb788b786

验证行为

Packet Tracer显示数据包匹配LINA 268435460 中的规则和Snort引擎 268435461 中的规则：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information: This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached … Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: allow rule, id 268435461, allow NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet … Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

`场景 3：使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析`

如果 ACP 包含信任规则，则情况如下图所示：

Snort:

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 fastpath any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

LINA：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=2) 0xb788b786

请记住，由于默认情况下已启用SI，因此信任规则将部署为LINA上的 permit 操作，因此至少会将几个数据包重定向到Snort引擎进行检查。

验证行为

Packet Tracer显示，Snort引擎允许数据包通过，并将剩余流实质上卸载到LINA：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information:  This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached … Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268435461, allow NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow … Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

`场景 4.使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析`

在此场景中，SI被手动禁用。

在 Snort 中，规则部署如下：

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 fastpath any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

在 LINA 中，该规则部署为“信任”规则。与Analyze Prefilter规则所部署的允许规则（请参阅ACE命中计数）匹配的数据包，且数据包由Snort引擎进行检查：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=3) 0xb788b786 ... access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced trust ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0x5c1346d6 ... access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 16 advanced deny ip any any rule-id 268435458 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x97aa021a

验证行为

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information: This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached ... Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268435461, allow NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow … Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

要点

 Analyze 操作部署为LINA引擎中的允许规则。这会影响要转发到Snort引擎进行检查的数据包
 分析操作不会在Snort引擎中部署任何规则，因此您需要确保在ACP中配置与Snort匹配的规则。<
 这取决于在Snort引擎中部署的ACP规则(block vsallow vs fastpath)，Snort不允许任何或所有或少量数据包

使用案例

 分析操作的一个使用案例是，您在预过滤器策略中配置了广泛的快速路径规则，并且希望为特定流配置一些例外，以便由 Snort 检查这些流

`ACP 监控操作`

在 FMC UI 上配置的监控规则：

监控规则作为 permit 操作部署在FTD LINA引擎上，并作为 audit 操作部署到Snort引擎上。

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.0 255.255.255.0 rule-id 268438863 (hitcnt=0) 0x61bbaf0c

Snort 规则：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules … # Start of AC rule. 268438863 audit any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.0 24 any any any (log dcforward flowend) # End rule 268438863

要点

 Monitor Rule不丢弃或允许流量，但生成连接事件。根据后续规则检查数据包，允许或丢弃该数据包
 FMC连接事件显示数据包匹配以下两条规则：

System support trace 输出显示数据包同时符合两条规则：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 419031630 192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 new firewall session 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Monitor_Rule', and IPProto first with zone s -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, source sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest sgt tag: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 match rule order 2, 'Monitor_Rule', action Audit 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 match rule order 3, 'trust_L3-L4', action Trust 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 MidRecovery data sent for rule id: 268438858,rule_action:3, rev id:1078 02206, rule_match flag:0x2

使用案例

用于监控网络活动并生成连接事件

`ACP 交互式阻止操作`

在 FMC UI 上配置的交互式阻止规则：

Interactive Block规则作为 permit 操作部署在FTD LINA引擎上，并作为旁路规则部署到Snort引擎上：

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268438864: L7 RULE: Inter-Block-Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=3) 0xba785fc0 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Inter-Block_Rule2 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort 引擎：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules … # Start of AC rule. 268438864 bypass any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6 # End rule 268438864 268438865 bypass any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17) # End rule 268438865

交互式阻止规则提示用户目的地已被禁止

默认情况下，防火墙允许绕过阻止 600 秒：

在 system support trace 输出中，您可以看到防火墙最初阻止了流量并显示阻止页面：

> system support trace … 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 983273680, ack 2014879580 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 bypass action sending HTTP interactive response of 1093 bytes 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive block rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', drop 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 deleting firewall session flags = 0x800, fwFlags = 0x1002 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 22, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

用户选择 Continue （或刷新浏览器页面）后，调试会显示数据包被模仿和 Allow 操作的同一规则允许：

192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 1357413630, ack 2607625293 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 bypass action interactive bypass 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 allow action 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 8, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

使用案例

向 Web 用户显示警告页面并为他们提供继续的选项。

`ACP 交互式阻止并重置操作`

在 FMC UI 上配置的“交互式阻止并重置”规则：

Interactive Block with reset规则作为 permit 操作部署在FTD LINA引擎上，并作为intreset规则部署到Snort引擎上：

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268438864: L7 RULE: Inter-Block-Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=13) 0xba785fc0 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Inter-Block_Rule2 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort 引擎：

# Start of AC rule. 268438864 intreset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6 # End rule 268438864 268438865 intreset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17) # End rule 268438865

与阻止并重置(Block with Reset)一样，用户可以选择 Continue 选项：

在 Snort 调试中，交互式重置中显示的操作如下所示：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.52 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 3232128039 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 new firewall session 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, source sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest sgt tag: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 MidRecovery data sent for rule id: 268438864,rule_action:8, rev id:1099034206, rule_match flag:0x0 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438864, 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 2228213518, ack 3232128040 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3232128040, ack 2228213519 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3232128040, ack 2228213519 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 bypass action sending HTTP interactive response of 1093 bytes 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive block rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', drop 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 deleting firewall session flags = 0x800, fwFlags = 0x1002 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

此时，阻止页面将向最终用户显示。如果用户选择 Continue （或刷新网页）与这次允许流量通过的规则相匹配：

192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 1593478294, ack 3135589307 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 bypass action interactive bypass 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 allow action 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 14, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3135589307, ack 1593478786 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 14, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

“交互式阻止并重置”规则向非 Web 流量发送 TCP RST：

firepower# show cap CAPI | i 11.50 2: 22:13:33.112954 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: S 3109534920:3109534920(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3745225378 0,nop,wscale 7> 3: 22:13:33.113626 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: S 3422362500:3422362500(0) ack 3109534921 win 8192 <mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,timestamp 53252448 3745225378> 4: 22:13:33.113824 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362501 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225379 53252448> 5: 22:13:33.114953 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362501:3422362543(42) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379> 6: 22:13:33.114984 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362543:3422362549(6) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379> 7: 22:13:33.114984 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362549:3422362570(21) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379> 8: 22:13:33.115182 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362543 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448> 9: 22:13:33.115411 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362549 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448> 10: 22:13:33.115426 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362570 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448> 12: 22:13:34.803699 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: P 3109534921:3109534931(10) ack 3422362570 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745227069 53252448> 13: 22:13:34.804523 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: R 3422362570:3422362570(0) ack 3109534931 win 0

`FTD 辅助连接和针孔`

在早期版本（例如6.2.2、6.2.3等）中，如果您使用 Trust 操作，Snort引擎不会为辅助连接（例如，FTD数据）打开针孔。在最新版本中，此行为已更改，并且Snort引擎会打开针孔(即使使用了 Trust 操作)。

`FTD 规则准则`

 对大型流使用预过滤器策略快速路径规则，以减少通过设备的延迟
 对基于 L3/L4 条件必须阻止的流量使用预过滤器阻止规则
 如果要绕过许多 Snort 检查，但仍要利用身份策略、QoS、SI、应用检测、URL 过滤等功能，可使用 ACP 信任规则
 使用以下准则将影响较少防火墙性能的规则置于访问控制策略的顶部：

 块规则（第1-4层） — 预过滤器块
 允许规则（第 1-4 层）- 预过滤器快速路径
 ACP 阻止规则（第 1-4 层）
 信任规则（第 1-4 层）
 阻止规则（第 5-7 层 - 应用检测、URL 过滤）
 允许规则（第 1-7 层 - 应用检测、URL 过滤、入侵策略/文件策略）
 阻止规则（默认规则）

 避免过多日志记录（在开始或结束时记录日志，避免同时在这两个时间记录日志）
 了解规则扩展，检查LINA中的规则数

firepower# show access-list | include elements access-list CSM_FW_ACL_; 7 elements; name hash: 0x4a69e3f3

`摘要`

预过滤器操作

ACP 操作

注意：从6.3 FTD软件代码开始，动态流卸载可以卸载满足其他条件的连接；例如，需要Snort检查的可信数据包。有关详细信息，请查看Firepower管理中心配置指南中的分流大型连接（流）部分

`相关信息`

 FTD 访问控制规则
 FTD 预过滤和预过滤器策略
 分析 Firepower 防火墙捕获以有效排除网络问题
 使用 Firepower 威胁防御 (FTD) 捕获和 packet-tracer
 通过 FMC 在 FTD 上配置日志记录
 技术支持和文档 - Cisco Systems
 分流大型连接

修订历史记录

版本	发布日期	备注
3.0	16-Aug-2024	已更新格式、样式要求和语法。
2.0	29-Sep-2022	针对机器翻译、风格要求、动词索引、SEO、有偏见的语言和语法进行了更新。
1.0	19-Oct-2017	初始版本

由思科工程师提供

米基斯·扎菲鲁迪斯
客户交付工程技术主管
维罗妮卡·克劳佐娃
思科TAC工程师
伊尔金·卡西莫夫
客户交付工程技术主管

明确FTD访问控制策略规则操作

下载选项

非歧视性语言

关于此翻译

目录

简介

先决条件

要求

使用的组件

相关产品

背景信息

ACP的部署方式

配置

ACP 可用操作

ACP 和预过滤器策略如何交互

ACP 阻止操作

场景 1.早期LINA下降

场景 2：由于Snort判定而丢弃

ACP 阻止并重置操作

ACP 允许操作

场景 1.ACP允许操作（L3/L4条件）

场景 2：ACP允许操作（L3-7条件）

场景 3：Snort快速转发判定和Allow

ACP 信任操作

场景 1.ACP 信任操作

场景 2：ACP信任操作（无SI、QoS和身份策略）

预过滤器策略阻止操作

预过滤器策略快速路径操作

预过滤器策略快速路径操作（内联集）

预过滤器策略快速路径操作（带分路器的内联集）

预过滤器策略分析操作

场景 1.使用ACP阻止规则进行预过滤器分析

场景 2：使用ACP允许规则进行预过滤器分析

场景 3：使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析

场景 4.使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析

ACP 监控操作

ACP 交互式阻止操作

ACP 交互式阻止并重置操作

FTD 辅助连接和针孔

FTD 规则准则

摘要

相关信息

修订历史记录

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本文档适用于以下产品

`场景 2：由于Snort判定而丢弃`

`ACP 阻止并重置操作`

`ACP 允许操作`

`场景 1.ACP允许操作（L3/L4条件）`

`场景 2：ACP允许操作（L3-7条件）`

`场景 3：Snort快速转发判定和Allow`

`ACP 信任操作`

`场景 1.ACP 信任操作`

`场景 2：ACP信任操作（无SI、QoS和身份策略）`

`预过滤器策略阻止操作`

`预过滤器策略快速路径操作`

`预过滤器策略快速路径操作（内联集）`

`预过滤器策略快速路径操作（带分路器的内联集）`

`预过滤器策略分析操作`

`场景 1.使用ACP阻止规则进行预过滤器分析`

`场景 2：使用ACP允许规则进行预过滤器分析`

`场景 3：使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析`

`场景 4.使用ACP信任规则进行预过滤器分析`

`ACP 监控操作`

`ACP 交互式阻止操作`

`ACP 交互式阻止并重置操作`

`FTD 辅助连接和针孔`

`FTD 规则准则`

`摘要`

`相关信息`