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本文档介绍在Nexus 7000系列交换机(包括F1、F2、M1和M2系列模块和线卡(LC))上使用控制平面管制(CoPP)的内容、方式和原因。 它还包括最佳实践策略以及如何自定义 CoPP 策略。
思科建议您了解Nexus操作系统CLI。
本文档中的信息基于带Supervisor 1模块的Nexus 7000系列交换机。
本文档中的信息都是基于特定实验室环境中的设备编写的。本文档中使用的所有设备最初均采用原始(默认)配置。如果您使用的是真实网络,请确保您已经了解所有命令的潜在影响。
CoPP对网络运行至关重要。对控制/管理平面的拒绝服务(DoS)攻击通常涉及导致CPU使用率过高的高流量。管理引擎模块花费大量时间处理数据包。
此类攻击的示例包括:
这可能导致:
攻击会压垮网络稳定性和可用性,并导致影响业务的网络中断。
CoPP是基于硬件的功能,可保护Supervisor免受DoS攻击。它控制允许数据包到达管理引擎的速率。CoPP功能的建模方式与连接到特殊接口(称为控制平面)的输入QoS策略类似。但是,CoPP是安全功能,不是QoS的一部分。为了保护Supervisor,CoPP将数据平面数据包与控制平面数据包(异常逻辑)分离。 它识别来自有效数据包(分类)的DoS攻击数据包。 CoPP允许对以下数据包进行分类:
在对数据包进行分类后,还可以标记该数据包并根据数据包的类型分配不同的优先级。可以设置Conform、Exceed和Ivolate操作(传输、丢弃、标记关闭)。如果没有监察器附加到类,则添加符合操作为drop的默认监察器。glean数据包使用default-class进行管制。支持一个速率、两个颜色和两个速率、三个颜色策略。
到达Supervisor模块上CPU的流量可通过四条路径进入:
只有通过带内接口发送的流量受CoPP限制,因为这是通过线卡上的转发引擎(FE)到达Supervisor模块的唯一流量。CoPP的Nexus 7000系列交换机实施仅基于硬件,这意味着CoPP不由管理引擎模块在软件中执行。CoPP功能(策略)在每个FE上独立实施。当为CoPP策略映射配置了各种速率时,必须考虑系统中线卡的数量。
管理引擎接收的总流量是N次X,其中N是Nexus 7000系统上的FE数,X是特定类允许的速率。配置的监察器值基于每个FE应用,并且容易到达CPU的聚合流量是所有FE上一致和传输的流量的总和。换句话说,到达CPU的流量等于配置的符合率乘以FE的数量。
CoPP配置仅在默认虚拟设备环境(VDC)中实施;但是,CoPP策略适用于所有VDC。所有线卡都应用相同的全局策略。如果同一FE的端口属于不同VDC(M1系列或M2系列LC),CoPP将应用VDC之间的资源共享。 例如,一个FE的端口(即使在不同的VDC中)根据CoPP的相同阈值计数。
如果同一FE在不同VDC之间共享,且给定的控制平面流量类超过阈值,则会影响同一FE上的所有VDC。建议为每个VDC指定一个FE,以便尽可能隔离CoPP实施。
当交换机首次启动时,必须对默认策略进行编程以保护控制平面。CoPP提供默认策略,这些策略作为初始启动序列的一部分应用于控制平面。
Nexus 7000系列交换机部署为聚合或核心交换机。因此,它是网络的耳朵和大脑。它处理网络中的最大负载。它必须处理频繁和突发请求。一些请求包括:
CoPP对于保护CPU免受误配置服务器或潜在DoS攻击至关重要,这使CPU有足够的周期来处理关键控制平面消息。
Nexus 7000系列交换机采用分布式控制平面方法。它在每个I/O模块上都有一个多核,在Supervisor模块上有一个用于交换机控制平面的多核。它将大量任务卸载到I/O模块CPU,以便访问控制列表(ACL)和FIB编程。它根据线卡的数量调整控制平面容量。这可避免集中式方法中出现的Supervisor CPU瓶颈。硬件速率限制器和基于硬件的CoPP可保护控制平面免受恶意或恶意活动的影响。
CoPP最佳实践策略(BPP)在Cisco NX-OS版本5.2中引入。show running-config命令输出不显示CoPP BPP的内容。show run all命令显示CoPP BPP的内容。
------------------------------------SNIP-----------------------------------------
SITE1-AGG1# show run copp
!! Command: show running-config copp
!! Time: Mon Nov 5 22:21:04 2012
version 5.2(7)
copp profile strict
SITE1-AGG1# show run copp all
!! Command: show running-config copp all
!! Time: Mon Nov 5 22:21:15 2012
version 5.2(7)
------------------------------SNIP---------------------
control-plane
service-policy input copp-system-p-policy-strict
copp profile strict
CoPP为用户提供四个默认策略选项:
如果未选择任何选项或跳过设置,则应用严格管制。所有这些选项使用相同的类映射和类,但策略使用不同的承诺信息速率(CIR)和突发计数(BC)值。在5.2.1之前的Cisco NX-OS版本中,setup命令用于更改选项。Cisco NX-OS版本5.2.1对CoPP BPP进行了增强,以便在不使用setup命令的情况下更改选项;使用copp profile命令。
SITE1-AGG1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
SITE1-AGG1(config)# copp profile ?
dense The Dense Profile
lenient The Lenient Profile
moderate The Moderate Profile
strict The Strict Profile
SITE1-AGG1(config)# copp profile strict
SITE1-AGG1(config)# exit
使用show copp profile <profile-type>命令查看默认CoPP BPP配置。使用show copp status命令验证CoPP策略是否已正确应用。
SITE1-AGG1# show copp status
Last Config Operation: copp profile strict
Last Config Operation Timestamp: 20:40:27 PST Nov 5 2012
Last Config Operation Status: Success
Policy-map attached to the control-plane: copp-system-p-policy-strict
要查看两个CoPP BPP之间的差异,请使用show copp diff profile <profile-type 1> profile <profile-type 2> 命令:
SITE1-AGG1# show copp diff profile strict profile moderate
A '+' represents a line that has been added and
a '-' represents a line that has been removed.
-policy-map type control-plane copp-system-p-policy-strict
- class copp-system-p-class-critical
- set cos 7
- police cir 39600 kbps bc 250 ms conform transmit violate drop
- class copp-system-p-class-important
- set cos 6
- police cir 1060 kbps bc 1000 ms conform transmit violate drop
----------------------SNIP---------------------------------------
+policy-map type control-plane copp-system-p-policy-moderate
+ class copp-system-p-class-critical
+ set cos 7
+ police cir 39600 kbps bc 310 ms conform transmit violate drop
+ class copp-system-p-class-important
+ set cos 6
+ police cir 1060 kbps bc 1250 ms conform transmit violate drop
----------------------SNIP---------------------------------------
用户可以创建自定义的CoPP策略。克隆默认CoPP BPP,并将其连接到控制平面接口,因为CoPP BPP是只读的。
SITE2-AGG1(config)# policy-map type control-plane copp-system-p-policy-strict
^
% String is invalid, 'copp-system-p-policy-strict' is not an allowed string at
'^' marker.
copp copy profile <profile-type> <prefix> [suffix]命令创建CoPP BPP的克隆。这用于修改默认配置。copp copy profile命令是执行模式命令。用户可以为访问列表、类映射和策略映射名称选择前缀或后缀。例如,copp-system-p-policy-strict被更改为[prefix]copp-policy-strict[suffix]。克隆的配置被视为用户配置,并包含在show run输出中。
SITE1-AGG1# copp copy profile ?
dense The Dense Profile
lenient The Lenient Profile
moderate The Moderate Profile
strict The Strict Profile
SITE1-AGG1# copp copy profile strict ?
prefix Prefix for the copied policy
suffix Suffix for the copied policy
SITE1-AGG1# copp copy profile strict suffix ?
WORD Enter prefix/suffix for the copied policy (Max Size 20)
SITE1-AGG1# copp copy profile strict suffix CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1# show run copp | grep policy-map
policy-map type control-plane copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1#
可以使用以下命令来标记超过并违反指定允许信息速率(PIR)的流量:
SITE1-AGG1(config)# policy-map type
control-plane copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap)# class copp-class-critical-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# police cir 59600 kbps bc 250 ms ?
<CR>
conform Specify a conform action
pir Specify peak information rate
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# police cir 59600 kbps bc 250 ms pir ?
<1-80000000000> Peak Information Rate in bps/kbps/mbps/gbps
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# police cir 59600 kbps bc 250 ms pir 100 mbps ?
<CR>
<1-512000000> Peak Burst Size in bytes/kbytes/mbytes/packets/ms/us
be Specify extended burst
conform Specify a conform action
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# police cir 59600 kbps bc 250 ms pir 100 mbps conform ?
drop Drop the packet
set-cos-transmit Set conform action cos val
set-dscp-transmit Set conform action dscp val
set-prec-transmit Set conform action precedence val
transmit Transmit the packet
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# police cir 59600 kbps bc 250 ms pir 100 mbps conform
set-dscp-transmit ef exceed set dscp1 dscp2 table cir-markdown-map violate
set1 dscp3 dscp4 table1 pir-markdown-map
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)#
将自定义的CoPP策略应用到全局接口控制平面。使用show copp status命令验证CoPP策略是否已正确应用。
SITE1-AGG1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
SITE1-AGG1(config)# control-plane
SITE1-AGG1(config-cp)# service-policy input ?
copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1(config-cp)# service-policy input copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1(config-cp)# exit
SITE1-AGG1# sh copp status
Last Config Operation: service-policy input copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
Last Config Operation Timestamp: 18:04:03 UTC May 15 2012
Last Config Operation Status: Success
Policy-map attached to the control-plane: copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
本节介绍客户需要多个监控设备才能频繁ping本地接口的真实示例。当客户要修改CoPP策略以:
解决方案在下一个示例中显示,即使用单独的类映射创建自定义策略。单独的类映射包含监控设备的指定IP地址,且类映射具有更高的CIR。这也会保留原始类映射监控,它捕获CIR较低的所有其他IP地址的ICMP流量。
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)# copp copy profile strict prefix TAC_CHANGE
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)# ip access-list TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-specific-icmp
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-acl)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-acl)# permit icmp host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 echo
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-acl)# permit icmp host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 echo-reply
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-acl)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-acl)# exit
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)# sho ip access-lists TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-specific-
icmp IP access list TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-specific-icmp
10 permit icmp 1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 echo
20 permit icmp 1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 echo-reply
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)# class-map type control-plane match-any
TAC_CHANGE-copp-class-specific-icmp
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-cmap)# match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp
-acl-specific-icmp
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-cmap)#exit
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#policy-map type control-plane TAC_CHANGE-copp-
policy-strict
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap)# class TAC_CHANGE-copp-class-specific-icmp
insert-before
TAC_CHANGE-copp-class-monitoring
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap-c)# set cos 7
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap-c)# police cir 5000 kbps bc 250 ms conform transmit
violate drop
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap-c)# exit
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-pmap)# exit
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config)# control-plane
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-cp)# service-policy input TAC_CHANGE-copp-policy-strict
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1(config-cp)# end
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1#
F340.13.19-Nexus7000-1# sho policy-map interface control-plane
Control Plane
service-policy input TAC_CHANGE-copp-policy-strict
<abbreviated output>
class-map TAC_CHANGE-copp-class-specific-icmp (match-any)
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-specific-icmp
set cos 7
police cir 5000 kbps bc 250 ms
conform action: transmit
violate action: drop
module 4:
conformed 0 bytes,
5-min offered rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/sec
violated 0 bytes,
5-min violate rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/sec
module 7:
conformed 0 bytes,
5-min offered rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/sec
violated 0 bytes,
5-min violate rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/secclass-map TAC_CHANGE-copp-class-monitoring (match-any)
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-icmp
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-icmp6
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-mpls-oam
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-traceroute
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-http-response
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-smtp-response
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-http6-response
match access-group name TAC_CHANGE-copp-acl-smtp6-response
set cos 1
police cir 130 kbps bc 1000 ms
conform action: transmit
violate action: drop
module 4:
conformed 0 bytes,
5-min offered rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/sec
violated 0 bytes,
5-min violate rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/sec
module 7:
conformed 0 bytes,
5-min offered rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/sec
violated 0 bytes,
5-min violate rate 0 bytes/sec
peak rate 0 bytes/sec
<abbreviated output>
CoPP BPP数据结构构造为:
mac access-list copp-system-p-acl-mac-fabricpath-isis
permit any 0180.c200.0015 0000.0000.0000
permit any 0180.c200.0014 0000.0000.0000
ip access-list copp-system-p-acl-bgp
permit tcp any gt 1024 any eq bgp
permit tcp any eq bgp any gt 1024
class-map type control-plane match-any copp-system-p-class-critical
match access-group name copp-system-p-acl-bgp
match access-group name copp-system-p-acl-pim
<snip>
match access-group name copp-system-p-acl-mac-fabricpath-isis
policy-map type control-plane copp-system-p-policy-dense
class copp-system-p-class-critical
set cos 7
police cir 5000 kbps bc 250 ms conform transmit violate drop
Cisco NX-OS版本6.0中引入的缩放因子配置用于缩放特定线卡所应用CoPP策略的监察器速率。这会增加或降低特定线卡的监察器速率,但不会更改当前CoPP策略。更改会立即生效,无需重新应用CoPP策略。
scale factor option configured within control-plane interface:
Scale-factor <scale factor value> module <module number>
<scale factor value>: from 0.10 to 2.00
Scale factor is recommended when a chassis is loaded with both F2 and M
Series modules.
SITE1-AGG1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
SITE1-AGG1(config)# control-plane
SITE1-AGG1(config-cp)# scale-factor ?
<whole>.<decimal> Specify scale factor value from 0.10 to 2.00
SITE1-AGG1(config-cp)# scale-factor 1.0 ?
module Module
SITE1-AGG1(config-cp)# scale-factor 1.0 module ?
<1-10> Specify module number
SITE1-AGG1(config-cp)# scale-factor 1.0 module 4
SITE1-AGG1# show system internal copp info
<snip>
Linecard Configuration:
-----------------------
Scale Factors
Module 1: 1.00
Module 2: 1.00
Module 3: 1.00
Module 4: 1.00
Module 5: 1.00
Module 6: 1.00
Module 7: 1.00
Module 8: 1.00
Module 9: 1.00
Module 10: 1.00
使用Cisco NX-OS版本5.1,可以根据CoPP类名称配置丢弃阈值,在超出阈值时触发系统日志消息。命令是logging drop threshold <dropped bytes count> level <logging level>。
SITE1-AGG1(config)# policy-map type control-plane
copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap)# class copp-class-critical-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# logging ?
drop Logging for dropped packets
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# logging drop ?
threshold Threshold value for dropped packets
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# logging drop threshold ?
<CR>
<1-80000000000> Dropped byte count
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# logging drop threshold 100 ?
<CR>
level Syslog level
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# logging drop threshold 100 level ?
<1-7> Specify the logging level between 1-7
SITE1-AGG1(config-pmap-c)# logging drop threshold 100 level 7
以下是系统日志消息的示例:
%COPP-5-COPP_DROPS5: CoPP drops exceed threshold in class:
copp-system-class-critical,
check show policy-map interface control-plane for more info.
CoPP支持与任何其他接口相同的QoS统计信息。它显示构成每个支持CoPP的I/O模块服务策略的类的统计信息。使用show policy-map interface control-plane命令查看CoPP的统计信息。
注意:所有类都应根据违反的数据包进行监控。
SITE1-AGG1# show policy-map interface control-plane
Control Plane
service-policy input: copp-policy-strict-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
class-map copp-class-critical-CUSTOMIZED-COPP (match-any)
match access-group name copp-acl-bgp-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-bgp6-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-eigrp-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-igmp-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-msdp-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-ospf-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-ospf6-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-pim-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-pim6-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-rip-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-rip6-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-vpc-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-eigrp6-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-mac-l2pt-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-mpls-ldp-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-mpls-oam-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-mpls-rsvp-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-otv-as-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-mac-otv-isis-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match access-group name copp-acl-mac-fabricpath-isis-CUSTOMIZED-COPP
match protocol mpls router-alert
match protocol mpls exp 6
set cos 7
threshold: 100, level: 7
police cir 39600 kbps , bc 250 ms
module 1 :
conformed 22454 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
module 2 :
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
module 3 :
conformed 19319 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
module 4 :
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
要获取所有类映射和I/O模块的一致和违规计数器的聚合视图,请使用show policy-map interface control-plane | i "class|conform|iffied"命令。
SITE1-AGG1# show policy-map interface control-plane | i "class|conform|violated"
class-map copp-class-critical-CUSTOMIZED-COPP (match-any)
conformed 123126534 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
conformed 107272597 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
class-map copp-class-important-CUSTOMIZED-COPP (match-any)
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
conformed 0 bytes; action: transmit
violated 0 bytes; action: drop
应监控copp-class-l2-default和class-default类,以确保即使对于符合的计数器也不会出现高增长。理想情况下,这两个类对于符合的计数器必须具有低值,并且至少没有违反的计数器增加。
CoPP类映射中使用的IP ACL或MAC ACL不支持statistics per-entry命令,并且该命令在应用于CoPP IP ACL或MAC ACL时无效。(CLI解析器不执行CLI检查)。 要查看I/O模块上的CoPP MAC ACL或IP ACL命中,请使用show system internal access-list input entries detail命令。
示例如下:
!! 0180.c200.0041 is the destination MAC used for FabricPath IS-IS
SITE1-AGG1# show system internal access-list input entries det | grep 0180.c200.0041
[00fc:00f7:00f7] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [30042]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [29975]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [8965]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [8935]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [58233]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [27689]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[00fc:00f7:00f7] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
[0148:00fe:00fe] qos 0000.0000.0000 0000.0000.0000 0180.c200.0041 ffff.ffff.ffff [0]
以下是CoPP配置的最佳实践建议:
以下是CoPP监控的最佳实践建议:
不支持以下功能:
版本 | 发布日期 | 备注 |
---|---|---|
1.0 |
04-Dec-2014 |
初始版本 |