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本文档介绍在用作网关通用分组无线业务(GPRS)支持节点(GGSN)的思科聚合服务路由器(ASR)5x00系列上遇到的情况,在设计域名系统(DNS)网络以避免服务中断时,新呼叫策略拒绝失败,需要牢记一些注意事项。
作者:Parthasarathy M和Anthony Fajri,思科TAC工程师。
在GGSN软件升级期间,为避免服务对用户的影响,作为一种实践,新呼叫策略拒绝会应用于GGSN。期望服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)应根据新呼叫策略将流量发送到下一个可用GGSN。
但是,在某些情况下并非如此。newcall policy reject未按预期工作,并且升级过程时出现服务降级。
在GGSN上应用新呼叫策略拒绝后;
[local]ASR5K_LAB# newcall policy ggsn-service all reject
GGSN拒绝新的传入创建分组数据协议(PDP)环境请求(CPC-R),但没有可用资源,以便SGSN可以选择下一个可用GGSN,从而在升级维护窗口时最小化服务干扰。
新呼叫策略拒绝的实验结果:
SGSN配置:
在本示例中,newcall policy reject应用于GGSN1。当呼叫到达时,SGSN将CPC请求发送到GGSN1,GGSN会依次拒绝呼叫,然后SGSN将请求发送到GGSN2。
监控用户跟踪输出:
===>GPRS Mobility/Session Management Message (2 Bytes) Protocol Discriminator : GMM message Message : Attach Complete INBOUND>>>>> 05:34:35:320 Eventid:88112(0) ===>GPRS Mobility/Session Management Message (34 Bytes) Protocol Discriminator : SM message Message : Activate PDP Context Request Requested NSAPI Requested LLC SAPI Requested Qos Length of Qos: 14 Requested PDP address Length : 2 Access Point Name Length: 10 <<<<OUTBOUND 05:34:35:323 Eventid:116004(3) GTPC Tx PDU, from 192.168.2.2:19002 to 192.168.2.1:2123 (110) TEID: 0x00000000, Message type: GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_REQ_MSG (0x10) >>>>>>>>>> to GGSN1 Sequence Number:: 0x00CC (204) GTP HEADER FOLLOWS: Version number: 1 Protocol type: 1 (GTP C/U) Extended header flag: Not present Sequence number flag: Present NPDU number flag: Not present Message Type: 0x10 (GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_REQ_MSG) Message Length: 0x0066 (102) Tunnel ID: 0x00000000 Sequence Number: 0x00CC (204) GTP HEADER ENDS. INFORMATION ELEMENTS FOLLOW: IMSI: 123450040000000 Recovery: 0x09 (9) Selection Mode: 0x0 (MS or network provided APN, subscribed verified (Subscribed)) Tunnel ID Data I: 0x8000C002 Tunnel ID Control I: 0x8000C002 NSAPI: 0x05 (5) END USER ADDRESS FOLLOWS: PDP Type Organisation: IETF PDP Type Number: IPv4 Address: Empty END USER ADDRESS ENDS. Access Point Name: sitt1.com GSN Address I: 0xC0A80202 (192.168.2.2) GSN Address II: 0xC0A80203 (192.168.2.3) MSISDN: 128612345678901 QOS Profile: 0x0223421F72967373440DFFFF00 COMMON FLAGS FOLLOW: Prohibit Payload Compression: no MBMS Service Type: Multicast Service RAN Procedures Ready: no MBMS Counting Information: no No QoS negotiation: no NRSN: yes Upgrade QoS Supported: no Dual Address Bearer Flag: no COMMON FLAGS END. Radio Access Technology: GERAN MS Time Zone: -4:00 Daylight Saving Time: +1 hour INFORMATION ELEMENTS END. INBOUND>>>>> 05:34:35:326 Eventid:116003(3) GTPC Rx PDU, from 192.168.2.1:2123 to 192.168.2.2:19002 (14) TEID: 0x8000C002, Message type: GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_RES_MSG (0x11) Sequence Number:: 0x00CC (204) GTP HEADER FOLLOWS: Version number: 1 Protocol type: 1 (GTP C/U) Extended header flag: Not present Sequence number flag: Present NPDU number flag: Not present Message Type: 0x11 (GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_RES_MSG) Message Length: 0x0006 (6) Tunnel ID: 0x8000C002 Sequence Number: 0x00CC (204) GTP HEADER ENDS. INFORMATION ELEMENTS FOLLOW: Cause: 0xC7 (GTP_NO_RESOURCES_AVAILABLE) INFORMATION ELEMENTS END. <<<<OUTBOUND 05:34:35:327 Eventid:116004(3) GTPC Tx PDU, from 192.168.2.2:19002 to 192.168.2.128:2123 (110) TEID: 0x00000000, Message type: GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_REQ_MSG (0x10)>>>>>>>>>> GGSN2 Sequence Number:: 0x00CD (205) GTP HEADER FOLLOWS: Version number: 1 Protocol type: 1 (GTP C/U) Extended header flag: Not present Sequence number flag: Present NPDU number flag: Not present Message Type: 0x10 (GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_REQ_MSG) Message Length: 0x0066 (102) Tunnel ID: 0x00000000 Sequence Number: 0x00CD (205) GTP HEADER ENDS. INFORMATION ELEMENTS FOLLOW: IMSI: 123450040000000 Recovery: 0x09 (9) Selection Mode: 0x0 (MS or network provided APN, subscribed verified (Subscribed)) Tunnel ID Data I: 0x8000C002 Tunnel ID Control I: 0x8000C002 NSAPI: 0x05 (5) END USER ADDRESS FOLLOWS: PDP Type Organisation: IETF PDP Type Number: IPv4 Address: Empty END USER ADDRESS ENDS. Access Point Name: sitt1.com GSN Address I: 0xC0A80202 (192.168.2.2) GSN Address II: 0xC0A80203 (192.168.2.3) MSISDN: 128612345678901 QOS Profile: 0x0223421F72967373440DFFFF00 COMMON FLAGS FOLLOW: Prohibit Payload Compression: no MBMS Service Type: Multicast Service RAN Procedures Ready: no MBMS Counting Information: no No QoS negotiation: no NRSN: yes Upgrade QoS Supported: no Dual Address Bearer Flag: no COMMON FLAGS END. Radio Access Technology: GERAN MS Time Zone: -4:00 Daylight Saving Time: +1 hour INFORMATION ELEMENTS END. INBOUND>>>>> 05:34:35:337 Eventid:116003(3) GTPC Rx PDU, from 192.168.2.128:2123 to 192.168.2.2:19002 (72) TEID: 0x8000C002, Message type: GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_RES_MSG (0x11) Sequence Number:: 0x00CD (205) GTP HEADER FOLLOWS: Version number: 1 Protocol type: 1 (GTP C/U) Extended header flag: Not present Sequence number flag: Present NPDU number flag: Not present Message Type: 0x11 (GTP_CREATE_PDP_CONTEXT_RES_MSG) Message Length: 0x0040 (64) Tunnel ID: 0x8000C002 Sequence Number: 0x00CD (205) GTP HEADER ENDS. INFORMATION ELEMENTS FOLLOW: Cause: 0x80 (GTP_REQUEST_ACCEPTED) Reorder Required: 0x0 (Not present) Tunnel ID Data I: 0x0FFFFFF8 Tunnel ID Control I: 0x0FFFFFF8 Charging ID: 0x00000007 END USER ADDRESS FOLLOWS: PDP Type Organisation: IETF PDP Type Number: IPv4 IPv4 Address: 12.0.0.6 END USER ADDRESS ENDS. GSN Address I: 0xC0A80280 (192.168.2.128) GSN Address II: 0xC0A80280 (192.168.2.128) QOS Profile: 0x0222421F7296D1FE460D03FE004A4A INFORMATION ELEMENTS END.
在apn-profile配置下,有命令apn-resolve-dns-query snaptr。
apn-resolve-dns-query snaptr [ epc-ue |非epc-ue ]
SNAPTR过滤器基于用户设备(UE)的EPC功能。 使用此命令为具有EPC订用的3G用户启用SNAPTR类型DNS查询以解析APN。此模式下的配置可促进对每个APN的此功能的控制。
如果配置中不包含任何关键字,则S-NAPTR查询适用于所有UE,包括支持EPC的UE和非支持EPC的UE。默认情况下,此功能未启用。
这意味着SGSN以名称授权指针(NAPTR)格式(sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc090.mcc262.3gppnetwork.org)发送DNS查询以选择GGSN。
如果NAPTR查询失败,则SGSN回退到查询类型A(sitt1.mnc045.mcc123.gprs)以获取GGSN IP地址。
实验结果:
SGSN配置:
apn-profile default
apn-resolve-dns-query snaptr
监控协议跟踪:
*** Verbosity Level ( 2) *** *** Verbosity Level ( 3) *** <<<<OUTBOUND 05:42:24:667 Eventid:5957(3) DNS PDU Tx from : 192.168.2.1 : 49351 to : 192.168.1.254 : 53 bytes : 76 Query ID : 6366 Type : Query Question : NAPTR ? sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc045.mcc123.3gppnetwork.org. Additional : Name : . Ext-RCODE : 0 Type : OPT UDPsize : 4096 INBOUND>>>>> 05:42:24:750 Eventid:5956(3) DNS PDU Rx from : 192.168.1.254 : 53 to : 192.168.2.1 : 49351 bytes : 76 Query ID : 6366 Type : Response Authoritative Answer : No Response code : ServFail Question : NAPTR ? sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc045.mcc123.3gppnetwork.org. Additional : Name : . Ext-RCODE : 0 Type : OPT UDPsize : 4096 <<<<OUTBOUND 05:42:24:752 Eventid:5957(3) DNS PDU Tx from : 192.168.2.1 : 51619 to : 192.168.1.254 : 53 bytes : 57 Query ID : 16777 Type : Query Question : A? sitt1.com.MNC045.MCC123.GPRS. Additional : Name : . Ext-RCODE : 0 Type : OPT UDPsize : 4096 INBOUND>>>>> 05:42:24:781 Eventid:5956(3) DNS PDU Rx from : 192.168.1.254 : 53 to : 192.168.2.1 : 51619 bytes : 57 Query ID : 16777 Type : Response Authoritative Answer : No Response code : Success Question : A? sitt1.com.MNC045.MCC123.GPRS. Additional : Name : . Ext-RCODE : 0 Type : OPT UDPsize : 4096
如果使用以下服务参数配置DNS:
Flags: A Service: x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp
当支持非演进分组核心(EPC)的UE根据DNS应答服务类型尝试连接时,SGSN决定是否回退到查询。
例如:
SGSN检查DNS应答服务类型,如果它找不到关键字x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn和x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gp,则SGSN回退到A查询类型。
Query Name: sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc045.mcc123.3gppnetwork.org Answer: Order: 10 Preference: 10 Flags: A Service: x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp Regular Expression: Replacement: TOPON.S5.GGSN1.NODES.EPC.MNC090.MCC262.3GPPNETWORK.ORG Query Name: sitt1.mnc045.mcc123.gprs Query Type: A TTL: 48993 seconds Answer: IP Address: 192.168.2.1
假设,如果您仅为DNS中的A记录配置一个GGSN IP地址,则SGSN无法重定向到下一个可用GGSN,从而降低服务质量。
根据SGSN管理指南:
Gn SGSN支持并帮助为支持演进分组核心(EPC)的UE选择共置分组数据网络(PDN)网关(P-GW)/GGSN节点,并为APN完全限定域名(FQDN)执行DNS直接NAPTR(SNAPTR)查找对于服务参数x-3gpp-pgw:x-gn / x-3gpp-pgw:x-gp。服务参数x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn和x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gp中的接口也用于选择独立GGSN。
Flags: A Service: x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp:x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn:x-gp
之后,DNS开始为不支持EPC的UE返回多个网关(GW)地址。
Query Name: sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc045.mcc123.3gppnetwork.org
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 42755 seconds
Answer:
Order: 40 Preference: 40
Flags: A Service: x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp:x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn:x-gp
Regular Expression:
Replacement: TOPON.S5.GGSN03.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Name: sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc045.mcc123.3gppnetwork.org
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 42755 seconds
Answer:
Order: 10 Preference: 10
Flags: A Service: x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp:x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn:x-gp
Regular Expression:
Replacement: TOPON.S5.GGSN02.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Name: sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc045.mcc123.3gppnetwork.org
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 42755 seconds
Answer:
Order: 20 Preference: 20
Flags: A Service: x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp:x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn:x-gp
Regular Expression:
Replacement: TOPON.S5.GGSN05.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Name: sitt1.com.apn.epc.mnc045.mcc123.3gppnetwork.org
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 42755 seconds
Answer:
Order: 30 Preference: 30
Flags: A Service: x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp:x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn:x-gp
Regular Expression:
Replacement: TOPON.S5.GGSN04.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Name: TOPON.S5.GGSN04.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 48993 seconds
Answer:
IP Address: 192.168.2.22
Query Name: TOPON.S5.GGSN03.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 48993 seconds
Answer:
IP Address: 192.168.2.18
Query Name: TOPON.S5.GGSN05.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 48993 seconds
Answer:
IP Address: 192.168.2.23
Query Name: TOPON.S5.GGSN02.NODES.EPC.mnc045.mcc123.3GPPNETWORK.ORG
Query Type: NAPTR TTL: 48993 seconds
Answer:
IP Address: 192.168.2.21
总之,请确保您的DNS配置为x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp:x-s8-gtp:x-gn:x-gp:x-3gpp-ggsn:x-gn:x-gp:x-gp,以避免在您有多个GGSN支持地理冗余时出现服务干扰。