OSPF區域間路由

簡介

當OSPF跨兩個區域運行時，本文檔將檢視開放最短路徑優先(OSPF)資料庫和路由表。

必要條件

需求

本文件沒有特定需求。

採用元件

本文件所述內容不限於特定軟體和硬體版本。

慣例

如需文件慣例的詳細資訊，請參閱思科技術提示慣例。

設定

本節提供用於設定本文件中所述功能的資訊。

注意：要查詢有關本文檔中使用的命令的其他資訊，請使用命令查詢工具(僅限註冊客戶)。

網路圖表

本文檔使用下圖所示的網路設定。

組態

本檔案會使用這些設定。

• 路由器1.1.1.1

• 路由器2.2.2.2

• 路由器3.3.3.3

Current configuration:

hostname r1.1.1.1

interface Loopback0
 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
 
interface Ethernet2/0/0
 ip address 4.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
 
interface Serial2/1/0
 ip unnumbered Ethernet2/0/0
 
router ospf 1
 network 4.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

end

Current configuration:

hostname r2.2.2.2

interface Loopback0
 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.0.0.0
 
interface Ethernet0/0/4
 ip address 6.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
 
interface Serial0/1/0
 ip unnumbered Ethernet0/0/4

interface ATM1/0.20 point-to-point
 ip address 200.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
 
router ospf 2
 network 6.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
 network 200.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1

end

Current configuration:

hostname r3.3.3.3

interface Loopback0
 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.0.0.0

interface ATM2/0.20 point-to-point
 ip address 200.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
 
router ospf 2
 network 200.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1

end

驗證

本節提供的資訊可用於確認您的組態是否正常運作。

輸出直譯器工具(僅供註冊客戶使用)支援某些show命令，此工具可讓您檢視show命令輸出的分析。

• show ip ospf database — 顯示鏈路狀態資料庫中的鏈路狀態通告(LSA)清單。此清單僅顯示LSA報頭中的資訊。

• show ip ospf database [router] [link-state-id] — 顯示資料庫中路由器LSA（型別1 LSA）的內容。路由器LSA由每台路由器生成，這些基本LSA列出了路由器的所有鏈路或介面，以及鏈路的狀態和傳出成本。它們只被淹沒在它們的源頭地區。

• show ip ospf database summary <link-state id> — 顯示區域邊界路由器(ABR)摘要鏈路。

檢查OSPF資料庫

由於Router 2.2.2.2是ABR，因此它有它所連線的兩個區域的資料庫。這使它成為使用show ip ospf database命令檢視OSPF資料庫的最佳位置。

r2.2.2.2#show ip ospf database

       OSPF Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 2) 

                Router Link States (Area 0) 

Link ID   ADV Router   Age    Seq#          Checksum   Link count 
1.1.1.1   1.1.1.1      697    0x80000040    0x5A21         2 
2.2.2.2   2.2.2.2      696    0x80000045    0xEE82         2 

                Summary Net Link States (Area 0) 

Link ID     ADV Router   Age  Seq#          Checksum 
200.0.0.0   2.2.2.2      352  0x80000001    0x2546 

                Router Link States (Area 1) 

Link ID   ADV Router Age    Seq#          Checksum   Link count 
2.2.2.2   2.2.2.2    351    0x8000000B    0xCA9D         2 
3.3.3.3   3.3.3.3    354    0x80000006    0x71F7         2 

                Summary Net Link States (Area 1) 

Link ID    ADV Router   Age   Seq#         Checksum 
4.0.0.0    2.2.2.2      689   0x80000001   0xFFE6 
6.0.0.0    2.2.2.2      700   0x80000001   0x63C1 

 r2.2.2.2#show ip ospf database router 1.1.1.1 

       OSPF Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 2) 

                Router Link States (Area 0) 

  LS age: 773 
  Options: (No TOS-capability, DC) 
  LS Type: Router Links 
  Link State ID: 1.1.1.1
  
!--- For router links, Link State Id is always the same as the !--- Advertising Router (next line).

  Advertising Router: 1.1.1.1
  
!--- This is the router ID of the router that created this LSA.

  LS Seq Number: 80000040 
  Checksum: 0x5A21 
  Length: 48 
   Number of Links: 2 

    Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point)
	
!--- This line shows that Router 1.1.1.1 is a neighbor !--- with Router 2.2.2.2. 

     (Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 2.2.2.2 
     (Link Data) Router Interface address: 0.0.0.12
    
 !--- The link is unnumbered, so the address starts with !--- zero. In the case of unnumbered links, the interface address !--- displays the MIB II IfIndex value that usually starts with 0.
 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 64
	   
!--- This is the OSPF cost of the link that connects !--- the two routers.
 

    Link connected to: a Stub Network

 !--- This line represents the Ethernet segment 4.0.0.0/8.
 
     (Link ID) Network/subnet number: 4.0.0.0 
     (Link Data) Network Mask: 255.0.0.0 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 10 

r2.2.2.2#show ip ospf database router 2.2.2.2 

       OSPF Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 2) 

        Router Link States (Area 0) 

!--- This is the router LSA for 2.2.2.2 in area 0. 


  LS age: 789 
  Options: (No TOS-capability, DC) 
  LS Type: Router Links 
  Link State ID: 2.2.2.2 
  Advertising Router: 2.2.2.2 
  LS Seq Number: 80000045 
  Checksum: 0xEE82 
  Length: 48 
  Area Border Router
  
!--- Bit B is set in the router LSA. !--- It indicates that this router is an ABR.
 
   Number of Links: 2
   
!--- There are two links in area 0. 


    Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point) 
     (Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 1.1.1.1 
     (Link Data) Router Interface address: 0.0.0.10 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 64 

    Link connected to: a Stub Network 
     (Link ID) Network/subnet number: 6.0.0.0 
     (Link Data) Network Mask: 255.0.0.0 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 10 

                Router Link States (Area 1)    
				
!--- This is the router LSA for !--- Router 2.2.2.2 in area 1. 


  LS age: 445 
  Options: (No TOS-capability, DC) 
  LS Type: Router Links 
  Link State ID: 2.2.2.2 
  Advertising Router: 2.2.2.2 
  LS Seq Number: 8000000B 
  Checksum: 0xCA9D 
  Length: 48 
  Area Border Router
   Number of Links: 2

    Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point) 
     (Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 3.3.3.3 
     (Link Data) Router Interface address: 200.0.0.2 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 1 

    Link connected to: a Stub Network 
     (Link ID) Network/subnet number: 200.0.0.0 
     (Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.0 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 1 

r2.2.2.2#show ip ospf database router 3.3.3.3 

       OSPF Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 2) 

                Router Link States (Area 1) 

  LS age: 465 
  Options: (No TOS-capability, DC) 
  LS Type: Router Links 
  Link State ID: 3.3.3.3 
  Advertising Router: 3.3.3.3 
  LS Seq Number: 80000006 
  Checksum: 0x71F7 
  Length: 48 
   Number of Links: 2 

    Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point) 
     (Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 2.2.2.2 
     (Link Data) Router Interface address: 200.0.0.3 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 1 

    Link connected to: a Stub Network 
     (Link ID) Network/subnet number: 200.0.0.0 
     (Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.0 
      Number of TOS metrics: 0 
       TOS 0 Metrics: 1 

為了將路由從一個區域通告到另一個區域，ABR會建立總結鏈路，您可以使用show ip ospf database summary <link-state id> 命令檢視該鏈路。

r2.2.2.2#show ip ospf database summary 200.0.0.0 

       OSPF Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 2) 

                Summary Net Link States (Area 0) 

  LS age: 487 
  Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward) 

 !--- The Upward keyword indicates that this is not an LSA imported !--- from a VPN backbone (from a PE to a CE).

  LS Type: Summary Links(Network) 
  Link State ID: 200.0.0.0 (summary Network Number)
  
!--- 200.0.0.0/24 is advertised into area 0 by the !--- ABR (Router 2.2.2.2). 

  Advertising Router: 2.2.2.2 
  LS Seq Number: 80000001 
  Checksum: 0x2546 
  Length: 28 
  Network Mask: /24 
        TOS: 0  Metric: 1 

r2.2.2.2#show ip ospf database summary 4.0.0.0 

       OSPF Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 2) 

                Summary Net Link States (Area 1) 

  LS age: 840 
  Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward) 
  LS Type: Summary Links(Network) 
  Link State ID: 4.0.0.0 (summary Network Number)
  
!--- 4.0.0.0/8 is advertised into area 1 by !--- the ABR (Router 2.2.2.2).
 
  Advertising Router: 2.2.2.2 
  LS Seq Number: 80000001 
  Checksum: 0xFFE6 
  Length: 28 
  Network Mask: /8 
        TOS: 0  Metric: 74 

r2.2.2.2#show ip ospf database summary 6.0.0.0 

       OSPF Router with ID (2.2.2.2) (Process ID 2) 

                Summary Net Link States (Area 1) 

  LS age: 861 
  Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward) 
  LS Type: Summary Links(Network) 
  Link State ID: 6.0.0.0 (summary Network Number)
  
!--- 6.0.0.0/8 is advertised into area 1 by the !--- ABR (Router 2.2.2.2). 

  Advertising Router: 2.2.2.2 
  LS Seq Number: 80000001 
  Checksum: 0x63C1 
  Length: 28 
  Network Mask: /8 
        TOS: 0  Metric: 10 

計算最短路徑

本節從路由器3.3.3.3的角度計算最短路徑。

路由器3.3.3.3在自己的LSA中查詢，發現路由器2.2.2.2是鄰居。然後，路由器3.3.3.3檢視路由器2.2.2.2的LSA，以檢驗路由器2.2.2.2是否將路由器3.3.3.3視為鄰居。如果兩台路由器都視彼此為鄰居，則認為它們是可到達的。

每台路由器還檢查其本地鄰居表(可以使用show ip ospf neighbor命令檢視)，以檢驗其介面和鄰居的介面是否位於公用IP子網上。

注意：未對未編號的介面執行此檢查。

如果介面位於同一個子網上，則路由器會為其鄰居的LSA中列出的任何末節網路安裝路由。在本示例中，200.0.0.0/24是路由器2.2.2.2的LSA中列出的唯一末節網路，路由器3.3.3.3已直接連線到該末節網路。

檢查區域1中的所有可到達路由器LSA後，路由器3.3.3.3會檢視資料庫中的彙總LSA。它會找到4.0.0.0/8和6.0.0.0/8的彙總LSA。如果Router 3.3.3.3知道如何到達建立彙總LSA的通告路由器，它會將該路由安裝到其路由表中。在本例中，通告路由器是Router 2.2.2.2。由於Router 3.3.3.3知道如何到達Router 2.2.2.2，因此它會將4.0.0.0/8和6.0.0.0/8的路由安裝到其路由表中。這些路由的度量是到達通告路由器的度量加上彙總LSA的度量。根據到達為其生成彙總LSA的區域內或區域間路由的開銷計算彙總LSA的度量。

注意：路由器使用第1類LSA在一個區域內通告它們直接連線的網路和其他路由器，該區域會在同一區域內泛洪。因此，同一區域中的所有路由器都擁有各自區域的完整拓撲資訊。因此，ABR會維護與其直接連線的所有區域的完整拓撲資訊。但是，當ABR將屬於一個區域的網路通告到第二個區域時，它們僅使用第3類LSA通告網路的字首和掩碼。第二個區域中的路由器不知道其他區域的拓撲資訊，但知道其他區域中的網路的可達性資訊。

此輸出顯示了上述每台路由器的路由表中的OSPF路由。

r1.1.1.1# show ip route ospf 
O IA 200.0.0.0/24 [110/65] via 6.0.0.2, 00:09:00, Serial2/1/0 
O    6.0.0.0/8 [110/74] via 6.0.0.2, 00:14:41, Serial2/1/0 

r2.2.2.2#show ip route ospf 
O    4.0.0.0/8 [110/74] via 4.0.0.1, 00:09:16, Serial0/1/0 

r3.3.3.3#show ip route ospf
O IA 4.0.0.0/8 [110/75] via 200.0.0.2, 00:09:27, ATM2/0.20 
O IA 6.0.0.0/8 [110/11] via 200.0.0.2, 00:09:27, ATM2/0.20 

疑難排解

有關在路由表中缺少資料庫中的資訊時排除OSPF故障的資訊，請參閱為什麼某些OSPF路由位於資料庫中，但不在路由表中？有關一般OSPF故障排除資訊，請參閱OSPF故障排除。

相關資訊

• OSPF資料庫說明指南
• OSPF技術支援頁
• IP路由技術支援頁面
• 技術支援 - Cisco Systems