澄清FTD存取控制原則規則動作

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已更新: 2024 年 8 月 16 日

文件 ID:212321

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關於此翻譯

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簡介

本文件說明 Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) 存取控制原則 (ACP) 和預先過濾原則上可用的不同動作。

必要條件

需求

思科建議您瞭解以下主題：

流量卸載
Firepower威脅防禦裝置上的資料包捕獲
FTD 設備上具有追蹤軌跡選項的 Packet Tracer 和擷取

採用元件

本文中的資訊係根據以下軟體和硬體版本：

Cisco Firepower 4110 Threat Defense 版本 6.4.0（組建 113）和 6.6.0（組建 90）
Firepower Management Center (FMC) 版本 6.4.0（組建 113）和 6.6.0（組建 90）

本文中的資訊是根據特定實驗室環境內的裝置所建立。文中使用到的所有裝置皆從已清除（預設）的組態來啟動。如果您的網路運作中，請確保您瞭解任何指令可能造成的影響。

背景資訊

檢查每個操作的後台操作以及它與其他功能（如流解除安裝和打開輔助連線的協定）的互動。

FTD 是一個整合的軟體映像，其中包括 2 個主引擎：

LINA 引擎
Snort 引擎

本圖顯示 2 個引擎如何互動：

LINA和Snort引擎如何互動

封包進入輸入介面，並由 LINA 引擎處理
如果 FTD 原則需要該封包，則 Snort 引擎會對其進行檢查
Snort引擎傳回封包的判定結果（允許清單或封鎖清單）
LINA 引擎根據 Snort 的判定結果捨棄或轉送封包

ACP 部署方式

使用機下（遠端）管理時，系統會在 FMC 上設定 FTD 原則；或使用本機管理時，系統會在 FMC 上設定 Firepower Device Manager (FDM)。在兩種案例下，ACP 會顯示為：

FTD LINA引擎的命名為CSM_FW_ACL_的全局訪問控制清單(ACL)
FTD Snort 引擎之 /ngfw/var/sf/detection_engines/<UUID>/ngfw.rules 檔案中的存取控制 (AC) 規則

設定

ACP 可用動作

FTD ACP 包含一或多個規則，而每個規則可具有下列其中一個動作，如圖所示：

允許
信任
監視
封鎖
封鎖並重設
互動式封鎖
互動式封鎖並重設

ACP 可用動作

同樣地，預先篩選原則可包含一或多個規則，而可能的動作如下圖所示：

增加預過濾器規則

ACP 和預先篩選原則互動方式

預過濾器策略是在6.1版中引入的，主要有2個用途：

此原則允許檢查通道流量，其中 FTD LINA 引擎會選取外部 IP 標頭，而 Snort 引擎會選取內部 IP 標頭。更具體地說，對於隧道流量（例如GRE），預過濾器策略中的規則始終對外部報頭起作用，而ACP中的規則始終適用於內部會話（內部報頭）。通道流量係指以下通訊協定：

GRE
IP-in-IP
IPv6-in-IP
Teredo 連接埠 3544

它提供早期訪問控制(EAC)，允許流完全繞過Snort引擎，如圖所示。

繞過Snort引擎

預過濾器規則在FTD上部署為L3/L4存取控制元素(ACE)，並在已設定的L3/L4 ACE之前，如下圖所示：

預過濾器規則部署在FTD上

注意：預先篩選v/s ACP規則=套用第一個相符專案。

ACP Block 動作

請看下圖中所示的拓撲：

案例 1.早期LINA丟棄

ACP 包含 Block 規則，該規則會使用 L4 條件（目的地連接埠 TCP 80），如下圖所示：

ACP包含使用L4條件的區塊規則

Snort 中部署的原則：

268435461 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 80 any 6

LINA 中部署的原則。請注意，規則會以動 deny 作推送：

firepower# show access-list
…
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced deny tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x6149c43c

驗證行為：

當主機A (192.168.1.40)嘗試開啟與主機B (192.168.2.40)的HTTP作業階段時，FTD LINA引擎會捨棄TCP同步(SYN)封包，而且不會到達Snort引擎或目的地：

firepower# show capture
capture CAPI type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface INSIDE [Capturing - 430 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 any
capture CAPO type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface OUTSIDE [Capturing - 0 bytes]
  match ip host 192.168.1.40 any

firepower# show capture CAPI
   1: 11:08:09.672801  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4060517 0>
   2: 11:08:12.672435  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4063517 0>
   3: 11:08:18.672847  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4069517 0>
   4: 11:08:30.673610  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4081517 0>

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace
   1: 11:08:09.672801  192.168.1.40.32789 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3249160620:3249160620(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 4060517 0>
...

Phase: 4
Type: ACCESS-LIST
Subtype: log
Result: DROP
Config:
access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced deny tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-start
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory
access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1
Additional Information:   
                             <- No Additional Information = No Snort Inspection

Result:
input-interface: INSIDE
input-status: up
input-line-status: up
output-interface: OUTSIDE
output-status: up
output-line-status: up
Action: drop
Drop-reason: (acl-drop) Flow is denied by configured rule

`案例 2.由於Snort判定而丟棄`

ACP 包含 Block 規則，該規則會使用 L7 條件（應用 HTTP），如下圖所示：

Snort 中部署的原則：

268435461 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any  (appid 676:1)

Appid 676:1 = HTTP

LINA 中部署的原則。

注意：由於LINA無法確定會話使用HTTP，因此將規則作為 permit 操作推送。在FTD上，應用程式偵測機制位於Snort引擎中。

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 (hitcnt=0) 0xb788b786

對於使用 Application 作為條件的塊規則，實際資料包的跟蹤顯示，由於Snort引擎判定結果，LINA丟棄了會話。

注意：要使Snort引擎確定應用，它必須檢查幾個資料包（通常為3-10，具體取決於應用解碼器）。因此，系統會允許數個封包通過 FTD，並連線至目的地。允許的資料包仍要接受基於 Access Policy > Advanced > Intrusion Policy used before Access Control rule is determined 選項的入侵策略檢查。

驗證行為：

當主機 A (192.168.1.40) 嘗試與主機 B (192.168.2.40) 建立 HTTP 作業階段時，LINA 輸入擷取會顯示：

firepower# show capture CAPI 8 packets captured 1: 11:31:19.825564 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 357753151:357753151(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0> 2: 11:31:19.826403 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 1283931030:1283931030(0) ack 357753152 win 2896 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579> 3: 11:31:19.826556 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450580 5449236> 4: 11:31:20.026899 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450781 5449236> 5: 11:31:20.428887 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5451183 5449236> ...

輸出擷取：

firepower# show capture CAPO 5 packets captured 1: 11:31:19.825869 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 1163713179:1163713179(0) win 2920 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0> 2: 11:31:19.826312 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579> 3: 11:31:23.426049 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5452836 5450579> 4: 11:31:29.426430 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5458836 5450579> 5: 11:31:41.427208 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5470836 5450579>

追蹤軌跡顯示，由於尚未達到應用程式偵測判定結果，Snort允許第一個封包(TCP SYN)：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace 1: 11:31:19.825564 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 357753151:357753151(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5450579 0> ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1 Additional Information: This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached ... Phase: 10 Type: FLOW-CREATION Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: New flow created with id 23194, packet dispatched to next module … Phase: 12 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 357753151 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 Firewall: pending rule-matching, id 268435461, pending AppID NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Result: input-interface: OUTSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

TCP SYN/ACK 封包亦同：

firepower# show capture CAPO packet-number 2 trace 2: 11:31:19.826312 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32790: S 354801457:354801457(0) ack 1163713180 win 2896 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 5449236 5450579> … Phase: 3 Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Found flow with id 23194, using existing flow … Phase: 5 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 1283931030, ack 357753152 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 Firewall: pending rule-matching, id 268435461, pending AppID NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: INSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

完成第三個封包的檢查後，Snort會傳回DROP判定結果：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace 3: 11:31:19.826556 192.168.1.40.32790 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 357753152:357753351(199) ack 1283931031 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 5450580 5449236> Phase: 3 Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Found flow with id 23194, using existing flow Phase: 5 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: DROP Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 357753152, ack 1283931031 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html Firewall: block rule, id 268435461, drop Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST, Blocked by Firewall Snort Verdict: (block-list) block list this flow Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up Action: drop Drop-reason: (firewall) Blocked by the firewall preprocessor

您還可以在FTD CLISH模式下執行命令 system support trace 。此工具提供 2 種功能：

 顯示傳送到資料擷取程式庫(DAQ)且在LINA中看到的每個封包的Snort判定結果。DAQ 為位於 FTD LINA 引擎和 Snort 引擎之間的元件
 可同時執行 system support firewall-engine-debug，以檢視 Snort 引擎內發生的情況

以下為輸出內容：

> system support trace Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40 Please specify a server port: Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Monitoring packet tracer debug messages Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 2620409313 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 New session 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 pending rule order 2, 'Rule1', AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: pending rule-matching, 'Rule1', pending AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 3700371680, ack 2620409314 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 pending rule order 2, 'Rule1', AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: pending rule-matching, 'Rule1', pending AppID 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 2620409314, ack 3700371681 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32791 6 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Starting with minimum 2, 'Rule1', and SrcZone first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, inline sgt tag: untagged, ISE sgt id: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 686, misc 0, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html, xff 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, url http://192.168.2.40/128k.html 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 match rule order 2, 'Rule1', action Block 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 deny action 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: block rule, 'Rule1', drop 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 0 Deleting session 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST 192.168.1.40-32791 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 ===> Blocked by Firewall

摘要

 ACP Block 動作根據 LINA 中的 permit 或 deny 規則受到部署（視規則條件而定）
 如果條件為 L3/L4，則 LINA 會封鎖封包。就TCP而言，第一個封包(TCP SYN)遭封鎖
 如果條件為 L7，則封包會轉送至 Snort 引擎做進一步檢查。在 TCP 情況下，系統會允許數個封包通過 FTD，直到 Snort 連線至判定結果。根據Access Policy > Advanced > Intrusion Policy used before Access Control rule is determined選項，允許的資料包仍要接受入侵策略檢查。

`ACP Block with reset 動作`

FMC UI 中設定的 Block with rest 規則：

使用重設的封鎖規則部署在FTD LINA引擎上作為 permit 規則，並部署到Snort引擎作為 reset 規則：

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=0) 0xba785fc0 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Block-RST_Rule2 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort 引擎：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules … # Start of AC rule. 268438864 reset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6 # End rule 268438864 268438865 reset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17) # End rule 268438865

當封包與含重設規則的封鎖相符時，FTD會傳送封 TCP Reset 包或無法到達目 ICMP Type 3 Code 13 的地的地（以管理方式過濾）訊息：

root@kali:~/tests# wget 192.168.11.50/file1.zip --2020-06-20 22:48:10-- http://192.168.11.50/file1.zip Connecting to 192.168.11.50:80... failed: Connection refused.

以下為 FTD 輸入介面取得的擷取內容：

firepower# show capture CAPI
2 packets captured 
1: 21:01:00.977259 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.41986 > 192.168.11.50.80: S 3120295488:3120295488(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3740873275 0,nop,wscale 7> 
2: 21:01:00.978114 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.41986: R 0:0(0) ack 3120295489 win 0 2 packets shown

System support trace 在此情況下，輸出顯示封包由於Snort判定結果而遭捨棄：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 3387496622 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 new firewall session 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 using HW or preset rule order 2, 'Block-RST-Rule1', action Reset and prefilter rule 0 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438864, 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 reset action 192.168.10.50-41984 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 9 deleting firewall session flags = 0x0, fwFlags = 0x0 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: block w/ reset rule, 'Block-RST-Rule1', drop 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 9, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST 192.168.10.50-41984 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

使用案例

與 Block 操作相同，但會立即終止連線。

`ACP Allow 動作`

`案例 1.ACP允許操作（L3/L4條件）`

正常來說，您會設定 Allow 規則以指定其他檢查，例如入侵原則和/或檔案原則。第一個場景演示應用L3/L4條件時Allow規則的操作。

考量下圖所示的拓撲：

此原則會受到套用，如下圖所示：

Snort 中的部署原則。請注意，規則部署為動allow 作：

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 80 any 6

LINA 中的原則。

注意：規則部署為 permit 操作，實質上表示重定向到Snort以進行進一步檢查。

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L7 RULE: Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268435461 (hitcnt=1) 0x641a20c3

要檢視FTD如何處理與Allow規則匹配的流，可以採用以下幾種方法：

 驗證 Snort 統計
 使用  system support trace CLISH 工具
 使用 LINA 中的「含有追蹤軌跡的擷取」選項，且可選用 Snort 引擎中的擷取流量

LINA 擷取與 Snort 擷取流量：

驗證行為：

清除Snort統計資訊，啟用 system support trace from CLISH, and initiate an HTTP flow from host-A (192.168.1.40) to host-B (192.168.2.40). All the packets are forwarded to the Snort engine and get the PASS verdict by the Snort:

firepower# clear snort statistics

> system support trace Please specify an IP protocol: Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40 Please specify a server port: Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: Monitoring packet tracer debug messages Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 361134402 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 1591434735, ack 361134403 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Trace buffer and verdict reason are sent to DAQ's PDTS Tracing enabled by Lina 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 361134403, ack 1591434736 192.168.2.40-80 - 192.168.1.40-32797 6 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 Firewall: allow rule, 'Rule1', allow 192.168.1.40-32797 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

Pass Packets計數器增加：

> show snort statistics Packet Counters:  Passed Packets 54 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 0 Blocklisted Flows 0 ...

通過的封包 = 經 Snort 引擎完成檢查

`案例 2.ACP允許操作（L3-7條件）`

當 Allow 規則透過以下方式部署後，會出現類似行為。

只有L3/L4條件，如下圖所示：

L7條件（例如，入侵策略、檔案策略、應用程式等）如下圖所示：

摘要

總結一下，當 Allow 規則符合（如下圖所示）時，以下為部署於 FP4100/9300 之 FTD 處理流量的方式：

註：管理輸入輸出(MIO)是firepower機箱的Supervisor引擎。

`案例 3.Snort快速轉發判定與Allow`

在特定情況下，FTD Snort引擎會發出PERMITLIST判定結果（快速轉送），且流程的其餘部分會解除安裝到LINA引擎（有時會解除安裝到HW加速器- SmartNIC）。它們是：

 未設定 SSL 原則的 SSL 流量
 智慧型應用程式略過 (IAB)

這是封包路徑的視覺表示：

在某些情況下：

主要重點

 Allow 規則會部署於 Snort 做為 allow，並部署於 LINA 做為 permit
 在大多數情況下，會話的所有資料包都會轉發到Snort引擎以進行其他檢查

使用案例

當您需要透過 Snort 引擎進行以下 L7 檢查時，會設定 Allow 規則：

 入侵原則
 檔案原則

`ACP Trust 動作`

`案例 1.ACP Trust 動作`

如果不想在Snort級別應用高級L7檢查（例如，入侵策略、檔案策略、網路發現），但仍想使用安全情報(SI)、身份策略、QoS等功能，則建議在規則中使用Trust操作。

拓撲：

已設定的原則：

部署於 FTD Snort 引擎的 Trust 規則：

# Start of AC rule. 268438858 fastpath any 192.168.10.50 31 any any 192.168.11.50 31 80 any 6 (log dcforward flowend)

注意：數字6是協定(TCP)。

FTD LINA 中的規則：

firepower# show access-list | i 268438858 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 17 remark rule-id 268438858: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 18 remark rule-id 268438858: L7 RULE: trust_L3-L4 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp object-group FMC_INLINE_src_rule_268438858 object-group FMC_INLINE_dst_rule_268438858 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=19) 0x29588b4f access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.50 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=19) 0x9d442895 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.50 host 192.168.11.51 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0xd026252b access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.51 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0x0d785cc4 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 19 advanced permit tcp host 192.168.10.51 host 192.168.11.51 eq www rule-id 268438858 (hitcnt=0) 0x3b3234f1

驗證：

啟用 system support trace 和啟動從主機A (192.168.10.50)到主機B (192.168.11.50)的HTTP會話。以下有 3 個轉送至 Snort 引擎的封包。Snort引擎向LINA傳送PERMITLIST判定結果，該判定實際上會將流量的其餘部分解除安裝到LINA引擎：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: 80 Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 453426648 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 new firewall session 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 using HW or preset rule order 5, 'trust_L3-L4', action Trust and prefilter rule 0 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438858, 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 2820426532, ack 453426649 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.50-42126 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 453426649, ack 2820426533 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, 'trust_L3-L4', allow 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 2, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST

當連線終止時，Snort 引擎會從 LINA 引擎取得中繼資料資訊，並刪除作業階段：

192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 Got end of flow event from hardware with flags 00010001. Rule Match Data: rule_id 0, rule_action 0 rev_id 0, rule_flags 3 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 Logging EOF for event from hardware with rule_id = 268438858 ruleAction = 3 ruleReason = 0 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 : Received EOF, deleting the snort session. 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: deleting snort session, reason: timeout 192.168.10.50-42126 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 2 deleting firewall session flags = 0x10003, fwFlags = 0x1115 192.168.10.50-42126 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: deleted snort session using 0 bytes; protocol id:(-1) : LWstate 0xf LWFlags 0x6007

Snort擷取顯示傳送至Snort引擎的3個封包：

> capture-traffic Please choose domain to capture traffic from: 0 - management0 1 - management1 2 - Global Selection? 2 Please specify tcpdump options desired. (or enter '?' for a list of supported options) Options: -n vlan and (host 192.168.10.50 and host 192.168.11.50) 10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.10.50.42144 > 192.168.11.50.80: Flags [S], seq 3065553465, win 29200, options [mss 1380,sackOK,TS val 3789188468 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42144: Flags [S.], seq 3581351172, ack 3065553466, win 8192, options [mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,TS val 57650410 ecr 3789188468], length 0 10:26:16.525928 IP 192.168.10.50.42144 > 192.168.11.50.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 3789188470 ecr 57650410], length 0

LINA 擷取會顯示通過其中的流量：

firepower# show capture CAPI 437 packets captured 1: 09:51:19.431007 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: S 2459891187:2459891187(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3787091387 0,nop,wscale 7> 2: 09:51:19.431648 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: S 2860907367:2860907367(0) ack 2459891188 win 8192 <mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,timestamp 57440579 3787091387> 3: 09:51:19.431847 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: . ack 2860907368 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3787091388 57440579> 4: 09:51:19.431953 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42118 > 192.168.11.50.80: P 2459891188:2459891337(149) ack 2860907368 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3787091388 57440579> 5: 09:51:19.444816 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: . 2860907368:2860908736(1368) ack 2459891337 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 57440580 3787091388> 6: 09:51:19.444831 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.80 > 192.168.10.50.42118: . 2860908736:2860910104(1368) ack 2459891337 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 57440580 3787091388> …

LINA 的封包追蹤軌跡為檢視 Snort 判定結果的其他方式。取得 PASS 判定結果的第一個封包：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 1 trace | i Type|Verdict Type: CAPTURE Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: ROUTE-LOOKUP Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: CONN-SETTINGS Type: NAT Type: NAT Type: IP-OPTIONS Type: CAPTURE Type: CAPTURE Type: NAT Type: CAPTURE Type: NAT Type: IP-OPTIONS Type: CAPTURE Type: FLOW-CREATION Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT Type: SNORT Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Type: INPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP-FROM-OUTPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP Type: ADJACENCY-LOOKUP Type: CAPTURE

在外部介面上跟蹤TCP SYN/ACK資料包：

firepower# show capture CAPO packet-number 2 trace | i Type|Verdict Type: CAPTURE Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT Type: SNORT Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet Type: INPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP-FROM-OUTPUT-ROUTE-LOOKUP Type: ADJACENCY-LOOKUP Type: CAPTURE

TCP ACK將獲得PERMITLIST判定：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace | i Type|Verdict Type: CAPTURE Type: ACCESS-LIST Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Type: EXTERNAL-INSPECT Type: SNORT Snort id 22, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow Type: CAPTURE

此為 Snort 判定結果的完整輸出內容 (第 3 個封包)

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 3 trace | b Type: SNORT Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 687485179, ack 1029625865 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268438858, allow Snort id 31, NAP id 2, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow

第4個封包不會轉送到Snort引擎，因為判定結果已由LINA引擎快取：

firepower# show capture CAPI packet-number 4 trace 441 packets captured 4: 10:34:02.741523 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.42158 > 192.168.11.50.80: P 164375589:164375738(149) ack 3008397532 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3789654678 57697031> Phase: 1 Type: CAPTURE Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: MAC Access list Phase: 2 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Implicit Rule Additional Information: MAC Access list Phase: 3 Type: FLOW-LOOKUP Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Found flow with id 1254, using existing flow Phase: 4 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow Result: input-interface: INSIDE(vrfid:0) input-status: up input-line-status: up Action: allow 1 packet shown

Snort 統計已證實這點：

firepower# show snort statistics Packet Counters: Passed Packets 2 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 1 Blacklisted Flows 0 Miscellaneous Counters: Start-of-Flow events 0 End-of-Flow events 1 Denied flow events 0 Frames forwarded to Snort before drop 0 Inject packets dropped 0

使用 Trust 規則的封包流量。數個封包會受到 Snort 檢查，而其餘封包會受到 LINA 檢查：

`案例 2.ACP信任操作（不帶SI、QoS和身份策略）`

如果您希望FTD將安全智慧(SI)檢查套用到所有流程，SI已在ACP層級啟用，您可以指定SI來源（TALOS、摘要、清單等）。另一方面，如果您想要停用該功能，則您必須針對 ACP 全域停用網路的 SI、URL 的 SI 及 DNS 的 SI。網路和 URL 的 SI 會遭到停用，如下圖所示：

在此情況下，Trust 規則會部署於 LINA 做為信任項目：

> show access-list
... access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268435461: L4 RULE: Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced trust ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0x5c1346d6

附註：自6.2.2起，FTD支援TID。TID 的運作方式與 SI 類似，但如果 SI 停用，並不會「強制」封包重新導向至 Snort 引擎作 TID 檢查。

驗證行為

初始化從主機 A (192.168.1.40) 至主機 B (192.168.2.40) 的 HTTP 作業階段。由於這是FP4100，並且支援硬體中的流解除安裝，因此會發生以下情況：

 數個封包會透過 FTD LINA 引擎轉送，而其餘的流量會卸載至 SmartNIC (硬體加速器)
 沒有資料包轉發到Snort引擎

FTD LINA連線表顯示"o" 旗標，表示流量已解除安裝到硬體。此外，請注意缺少「N」標誌。此情況實際上表示「沒有任何 Snort 重新導向」：

firepower# show conn 1 in use, 15 most used TCP OUTSIDE 192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE 192.168.1.40:32809, idle 0:00:00, bytes 949584, flags UIOo

在作業階段開始和結束時，Snort 統計僅會顯示記錄事件：

firepower# show snort statistics  Packet Counters: Passed Packets 0 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 0 Blacklisted Flows 0 Miscellaneous Counters:  Start-of-Flow events 1 End-of-Flow events 1

FTD LINA 記錄會顯示每個作業階段有 2 個流量（每個導向一個）卸載至硬體：

Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40 Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 25384 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 25384 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 25384 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805002: TCP Flow is no longer offloaded for connection 25384 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-805002: TCP Flow is no longer offloaded for connection 25384 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 (192.168.1.40/32809) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-6-302014: Teardown TCP connection 25384 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32809 to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 duration 0:00:00 bytes 1055048 TCP FINs Sep 27 2017 20:16:05: %ASA-7-609002: Teardown local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40 duration 0:00:00

將信任規則部署為LINA中 trust 操作的資料包流。數個封包會受到 LINA 檢查，而其餘封包會卸載至 SmartNIC (FP4100/FP9300)：

使用案例

 當您希望只有少數資料包由Snort引擎檢查（例如應用程式檢測、SI檢查），並且流的其餘部分解除安裝到LINA引擎時，必須使用Trust 操作
 如果在FP4100/9300上使用FTD並希望流量完全繞過Snort檢查，則請考慮具有Fastpath操作的預過濾器規則（請參閱本文檔中的相關部分）

`預先篩選原則 Block 動作`

考量下圖所示的拓撲：

另考量下圖所示的拓撲：

以下是FTD Snort引擎（ngfw.rules檔案）中的已部署原則：

# Start of tunnel and priority rules. # These rules are evaluated by LINA. Only tunnel tags are used from the matched rule id. 268437506 deny any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any (tunnel -1

在 LINA 中：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 1 remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 2 remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced deny ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x76476240

當您追蹤虛擬封包時，其會顯示該封包遭到 LINA 捨棄，且從未轉送至 Snort：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 … Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: DROP Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced deny ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-start access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1 Additional Information: Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: drop Drop-reason: (acl-drop) Flow is denied by configured rule

Snort 統計會顯示：

firepower# show snort statistics Packet Counters: Passed Packets 0 Blocked Packets 0 Injected Packets 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Down) 0 Packets bypassed (Snort Busy) 0 Flow Counters: Fast-Forwarded Flows 0 Blacklisted Flows 0 Miscellaneous Counters: Start-of-Flow events 0 End-of-Flow events 0  Denied flow events 1

LINA ASP 捨棄會顯示：

firepower# show asp drop Frame drop: Flow is denied by configured rule (acl-drop) 1

使用案例

當您要根據L3/L4條件阻止流量且無需對流量執行任何Snort檢測時，可以使用預過濾器阻止規則。

`預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作`

考量下圖所示的預先篩選原則規則：

以下是FTD Snort引擎中已部署的原則：

268437506 fastpath any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowend) (tunnel -1)

在 FTD LINA 中：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 1 remark rule-id 268437506: PREFILTER POLICY: FTD_Prefilter access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 2 remark rule-id 268437506: RULE: Prefilter1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced trust tcp host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 eq www rule-id 268437506 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0xf3410b6f

驗證行為

當主機 A (192.168.1.40) 嘗試開啟至主機 B (192.168.2.40) 的 HTTP 作業階段時，數個封包會通過 LINA，而其餘的封包會卸載至 SmartNIC。在這種情況下， system support trace 啟用 firewall-engine-debug 將顯示以下內容：

> system support trace  Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.1.40 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.2.40 Please specify a server port: Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Monitoring packet tracer debug messages 192.168.1.40-32840 > 192.168.2.40-80 6 AS 1 I 8 Got end of flow event from hardware with flags 04000000

LINA 記錄會顯示卸載流量：

Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host INSIDE:192.168.1.40 Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-7-609001: Built local-host OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40 Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 966 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 966 from INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Oct 01 2017 14:36:51: %ASA-6-805001: Offloaded TCP Flow for connection 966 from OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) to INSIDE:192.168.1.40/32840 (192.168.1.40/32840)

LINA擷取show 8封包透過：

firepower# show capture capture CAPI type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface INSIDE [Capturing - 3908 bytes] match ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 capture CAPO type raw-data buffer 33554432 trace trace-count 100 interface OUTSIDE [Capturing - 3908 bytes] match ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40

firepower# show capture CAPI 8 packets captured 1: 14:45:32.700021 192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: S 3195173118:3195173118(0) win 2920 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 332569060 0> 2: 14:45:32.700372 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: S 184794124:184794124(0) ack 3195173119 win 2896 <mss 1380,sackOK,timestamp 332567732 332569060> 3: 14:45:32.700540 192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: P 3195173119:3195173317(198) ack 184794125 win 2920 <nop,nop,timestamp 332569060 332567732> 4: 14:45:32.700876 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: . 184794125:184795493(1368) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569060> 5: 14:45:32.700922 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: P 184795493:184796861(1368) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569060> 6: 14:45:32.701425 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: FP 184810541:184810851(310) ack 3195173317 win 2698 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567733 332569061> 7: 14:45:32.701532 192.168.1.40.32842 > 192.168.2.40.80: F 3195173317:3195173317(0) ack 184810852 win 2736 <nop,nop,timestamp 332569061 332567733> 8: 14:45:32.701639 192.168.2.40.80 > 192.168.1.40.32842: . ack 3195173318 win 2697 <nop,nop,timestamp 332567734 332569061>

FTD 流量卸載統計會顯示卸載至硬體的 22 個封包：

firepower# show flow-offload statistics Packet stats of port : 0  Tx Packet count : 22  Rx Packet count : 22 Dropped Packet count : 0 VNIC transmitted packet : 22 VNIC transmitted bytes : 15308 VNIC Dropped packets : 0 VNIC erroneous received : 0 VNIC CRC errors : 0 VNIC transmit failed : 0 VNIC multicast received : 0

您還可以使用 show flow-offload flow 命令檢視與解除安裝流相關的其他資訊。以下是範例：

firepower# show flow-offload flow
Total offloaded flow stats: 2 in use, 4 most used, 20% offloaded, 0 collisions
TCP intfc 103 src 192.168.1.40:39301 dest 192.168.2.40:20, static, timestamp 616063741, packets 33240, bytes 2326800
TCP intfc 104 src 192.168.2.40:20 dest 192.168.1.40:39301, static, timestamp 616063760, packets 249140, bytes 358263320
firepower# show conn
5 in use, 5 most used
Inspect Snort:
        preserve-connection: 1 enabled, 0 in effect, 4 most enabled, 0 most in effect

TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:21 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:40988, idle 0:00:00, bytes 723, flags UIO
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:21 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:40980, idle 0:02:40, bytes 1086, flags UIO
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:49442, idle 0:00:00, bytes 86348310, flags UIO N1
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:20 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:39301, idle 0:00:00, bytes 485268628, flags Uo <- offloaded flow
TCP OUTSIDE  192.168.2.40:20 INSIDE  192.168.1.40:34713, idle 0:02:40, bytes 821799360, flags UFRIO

 百分比基於「show conn」輸出。例如，如果總共5個連線埠透過FTD LINA引擎，且其中1個已解除安裝，則20%會報告為已解除安裝
 解除安裝會話的最大限制取決於軟體版本(例如，ASA 9.8.3和FTD 6.2.3支援400萬雙向（或800萬單向）解除安裝流)
 如果解除安裝流的數量達到限制（例如，400萬個雙向流），則不會解除安裝任何新連線，直到從解除安裝表中刪除當前連線

若要檢視通過 FTD 之 FP4100/9300 的所有封包（已卸載 + LINA），則需要在機箱層級啟用擷取，如下圖所示：

機箱背板擷取會顯示兩個方向。由於 FXOS 擷取架構（每個方向 2 個擷取點）緣故，因此每個封包會顯示兩次，如下圖所示：

資料包統計資訊：

 透過FTD的資料包總數：30
 透過FTD LINA的資料包：8
 解除安裝到SmartNIC硬體加速器的資料包：22

在平台與FP4100/FP9300不同的情況下，所有資料包都由LINA引擎處理，因為不支援分流功能(請注意缺少o標誌)：

FP2100-6# show conn addr 192.168.1.40 33 in use, 123 most used Inspect Snort: preserve-connection: 0 enabled, 0 in effect, 2 most enabled, 0 most in effect TCP OUTSIDE 192.168.2.40:80 INSIDE 192.168.1.40:50890, idle 0:00:09, bytes 175, flags UxIO

LINA 系統日誌僅會顯示連線設定和連線終止事件：

FP2100-6# show log | i 192.168.2.40 Jun 21 2020 14:29:44: %FTD-6-302013: Built inbound TCP connection 6914 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/50900 (192.168.11.101/50900) to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 (192.168.2.40/80) Jun 21 2020 14:30:30: %FTD-6-302014: Teardown TCP connection 6914 for INSIDE:192.168.1.40/50900 to OUTSIDE:192.168.2.40/80 duration 0:00:46 bytes 565 TCP FINs from OUTSIDE

使用案例

 如果您想要完全略過 Snort 檢查，請使用預先篩選 Fastpath 動作。您通常會想要針對信任的大流量（例如，備份、資料庫傳輸等）執行此操作
 在 FP4100/9300 設備中，Fastpath 動作會觸發流量卸載，且僅會有數個封包通過 FTD LINA 引擎。其餘的封包會受到 SmartNIC 處理，如此會減少延遲

`預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作（內嵌集合）`

如果對透過內聯集（NGIPS介面）的流量應用預過濾器策略快速路徑操作，則必須考慮以下幾點：

 規則會套用至 LINA 引擎做為 Trust 動作
 流量不會受到 Snort 引擎檢查
 由於 NGIPS 介面不接受流量卸載，因此流量卸載（硬體加速）不會發生

以下是在內嵌集上套用Prefilter Fastpath動作時的封包追蹤範例：

firepower# packet-tracer input inside tcp 192.168.1.40 12345 192.168.1.50 80 detailed Phase: 1 Type: NGIPS-MODE Subtype: ngips-mode Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: The flow ingressed an interface configured for NGIPS mode and NGIPS services will be applied Forward Flow based lookup yields rule: in id=0x2ad7ac48b330, priority=501, domain=ips-mode, deny=false hits=2, user_data=0x2ad80d54abd0, cs_id=0x0, flags=0x0, protocol=0 src ip/id=0.0.0.0, mask=0.0.0.0, port=0, tag=any dst ip/id=0.0.0.0, mask=0.0.0.0, port=0, tag=any, dscp=0x0 input_ifc=inside, output_ifc=any Phase: 2 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced trust ip object 192.168.1.0 object 192.168.1.0 rule-id 268438531 event-log flow-end access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268438531: PREFILTER POLICY: PF1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268438531: RULE: 1 Additional Information: Forward Flow based lookup yields rule: in id=0x2ad9f9f8a7f0, priority=12, domain=permit, trust hits=1, user_data=0x2ad9b23c5d40, cs_id=0x0, use_real_addr, flags=0x0, protocol=0 src ip/id=192.168.1.0, mask=255.255.255.0, port=0, tag=any, ifc=any dst ip/id=192.168.1.0, mask=255.255.255.0, port=0, tag=any, ifc=any, vlan=0, dscp=0x0 input_ifc=any, output_ifc=any Phase: 3 Type: NGIPS-EGRESS-INTERFACE-LOOKUP Subtype: Resolve Egress Interface Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Ingress interface inside is in NGIPS inline mode. Egress interface outside is determined by inline-set configuration Phase: 4 Type: FLOW-CREATION Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: New flow created with id 7, packet dispatched to next module Module information for forward flow ... snp_fp_ips_tcp_state_track_lite snp_fp_ips_mode_adj snp_fp_tracer_drop snp_ifc_stat Module information for reverse flow ... snp_fp_ips_tcp_state_track_lite snp_fp_ips_mode_adj snp_fp_tracer_drop snp_ifc_stat Result: input-interface: inside input-status: up input-line-status: up Action: allow

這是封包路徑的視覺表示：

`預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作（使用 Tap 的內嵌集合）`

與內嵌集合情況相同

`預先篩選原則 Analyze 動作`

`案例 1.使用ACP區塊規則進行預先篩選分析`

考量包含 Analyze 規則的預先篩選原則，如下圖所示：

ACP僅包含預設規則，該規則設 Block All Traffic 定為如下圖所示：

以下是FTD Snort引擎（ngfw.rules檔案）中的已部署原則：

# Start of tunnel and priority rules. # These rules are evaluated by LINA. Only tunnel tags are used from the matched rule id. 268435460 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any 1025-65535 any any 3544 any 17 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any 3544 any any 1025-65535 any 17 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any any any any any any 47 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any any any any any any 41 (tunnel -1) 268435459 allow any any any any any any any 4 (tunnel -1) # End of tunnel and priority rules. # Start of AC rule. 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

此為 FTD LINA 引擎中部署的原則：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=0) 0xb788b786

驗證行為

Packet Tracer顯示，LINA允許該資料包，該資料包被轉發到Snort引擎(由於操permit 作)，並且Snort引擎返回 Block 判定結果，因為來自AC的預設操作匹配。

注意：Snort不根據隧道規則評估流量

當您追蹤封包時，封包會顯示相同結果：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information:  This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached … Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: DROP Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: block rule, id 268435458, drop Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLOCKLIST, Blocked by Firewall Snort Verdict: (block-list) block list this flow Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: drop Drop-reason: (firewall) Blocked by the firewall preprocessor

`案例 2.使用ACP允許規則進行預過濾器分析`

如果目標允許封包通過 FTD，則需要在 ACP 中新增規則。「Action（操作）」可以是「Allow（允許）」或「Trust（信任）」，具體取決於目標(例如，如果要應用L7檢測，則必須使用 Allow 操作)，如下圖所示：

此為 FTD Snort 引擎中部署的原則：

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 allow any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

在 LINA 引擎中：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=1) 0xb788b786

驗證行為

Packet Tracer顯示資料包匹配LINA 268435460 和Snort引擎 268435461 中的規則：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information: This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached … Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: allow rule, id 268435461, allow NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS Snort Verdict: (pass-packet) allow this packet … Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

`案例 3.使用ACP信任規則進行預過濾器分析`

如果 ACP 包含 Trust 規則，則您會取得下圖所示的結果：

Snort：

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 fastpath any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

LINA：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=2) 0xb788b786

請記住，由於預設情況下已啟用SI，因此信任規則將部署為LINA上的 permit 操作，因此至少會將幾個資料包重定向到Snort引擎進行檢查。

驗證行為

Packet Tracer顯示Snort引擎允許列出封包，並將其餘流量實際解除安裝到LINA：

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information:  This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached … Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268435461, allow NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow … Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

`案例 4.使用ACP信任規則進行預過濾器分析`

在此案例中，SI 以手動方式停用。

規則會部署於 Snort，如下所示：

# Start of AC rule. 268435461 fastpath any 192.168.1.40 32 any any 192.168.2.40 32 any any any 268435458 deny any any any any any any any any (log dcforward flowstart) # End of AC rule.

在 LINA 中，該規則會部署為 Trust。與Analyze Prefilter規則部署的permit規則（請參閱ACE命中次數）相匹配的資料包，Snort引擎會檢查該資料包：

access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 3 advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 (hitcnt=3) 0xb788b786 ... access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced trust ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435461 event-log flow-end (hitcnt=0) 0x5c1346d6 ... access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 16 advanced deny ip any any rule-id 268435458 event-log flow-start (hitcnt=0) 0x97aa021a

驗證行為

firepower# packet-tracer input INSIDE icmp 192.168.1.40 8 0 192.168.2.40 ... Phase: 4 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group CSM_FW_ACL_ global access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ advanced permit ip host 192.168.1.40 host 192.168.2.40 rule-id 268435460 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: PREFILTER POLICY: Prefilter_Policy1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ remark rule-id 268435460: RULE: Prefilter_Rule1 Additional Information: This packet will be sent to snort for additional processing where a verdict will be reached ... Phase: 14 Type: SNORT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Snort Trace: Packet: ICMP AppID: service ICMP (3501), application unknown (0) Firewall: starting rule matching, zone -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, sgt 65535, user 9999997, icmpType 8, icmpCode 0 Firewall: trust/fastpath rule, id 268435461, allow NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PERMITLIST Snort Verdict: (fast-forward) fast forward this flow … Result: input-interface: INSIDE input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: OUTSIDE output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow

主要重點

 Analyze 操作在LINA引擎中部署為允許規則。這會影響要轉送到Snort引擎進行檢查的資料包
 分析操作不會部署Snort引擎中的任何規則，因此您需要確保在ACP中配置與Snort中匹配的規則<
 這取決於在Snort引擎中部署的ACP規則(block vsallow vs fastpath)，Snort不允許、也不允許全部或少數資料包透過

使用案例

 Analyze 動作的使用情況為您在預先篩選原則中使用廣泛的 Fastpath 規則，且您想要針對特定流量放入部分例外情形，使其能受到 Snort 檢查

`ACP Monitor 動作`

FMC UI 中設定的 Monitor 規則：

監控規則以 permit 動作形式部署在FTD LINA引擎上，以 audit 動作形式部署在Snort引擎上。

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.0 255.255.255.0 rule-id 268438863 (hitcnt=0) 0x61bbaf0c

Snort 規則：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules … # Start of AC rule. 268438863 audit any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.0 24 any any any (log dcforward flowend) # End rule 268438863

主要重點

 監控規則不會丟棄或允許流量，但會生成連線事件。封包會根據後續規則受到檢查，且會受到允許或遭到捨棄
 FMC連線事件顯示資料包匹配2個規則：

System support trace 輸出顯示資料包同時符合兩個規則：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.50 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 419031630 192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.50-41922 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 new firewall session 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Monitor_Rule', and IPProto first with zone s -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, source sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest sgt tag: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 match rule order 2, 'Monitor_Rule', action Audit 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 match rule order 3, 'trust_L3-L4', action Trust 192.168.10.50-41922 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 19 MidRecovery data sent for rule id: 268438858,rule_action:3, rev id:1078 02206, rule_match flag:0x2

使用案例

用於監控網路活動與產生連線事件

`ACP Interactive Block 動作`

FMC UI 中設定的 Interactive Block 規則：

互動區塊規則部署在FTD LINA引擎上作為動 permit 作，並部署到Snort引擎上作為略過規則：

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268438864: L7 RULE: Inter-Block-Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=3) 0xba785fc0 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Inter-Block_Rule2 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort 引擎：

admin@firepower:~$ cat /var/sf/detection_engines/9e080e5c-adc3-11ea-9d37-44884cf7e9ba/ngfw.rules … # Start of AC rule. 268438864 bypass any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6 # End rule 268438864 268438865 bypass any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17) # End rule 268438865

Interactive Block 規則會提示使用者目的地遭到禁止

依預設，防火牆會允許略過封鎖 600 秒：

在 system support trace 輸出中，您可以看到防火牆最初阻止流量並顯示阻止頁面：

> system support trace … 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 983273680, ack 2014879580 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 bypass action sending HTTP interactive response of 1093 bytes 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive block rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', drop 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.10.52-58717 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 22 deleting firewall session flags = 0x800, fwFlags = 0x1002 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 22, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST 192.168.10.52-58717 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

使用者選擇 Continue （或重新整理瀏覽器頁面）後，調試會顯示資料包被模仿和 Allow 操作的同一規則允許：

192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 1357413630, ack 2607625293 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 bypass action interactive bypass 192.168.10.52-58718 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 8 allow action 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58718 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 8, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

使用案例

向 Web 使用者顯示警告頁面，並提供其選項以繼續操作。

`ACP Interactive Block with reset 動作`

FMC UI 中設定的 Interactive Block with reset 規則：

具有重設規則的互動區塊會作為動 permit 作部署在FTD LINA引擎上，並作為intreset規則部署到Snort引擎上：

firepower# show access-list … access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 9 remark rule-id 268438864: L7 RULE: Inter-Block-Rule1 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 10 advanced permit tcp 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.50 eq www rule-id 268438864 (hitcnt=13) 0xba785fc0 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 11 remark rule-id 268438865: ACCESS POLICY: ACP1 - Mandatory access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 12 remark rule-id 268438865: L7 RULE: Inter-Block_Rule2 access-list CSM_FW_ACL_ line 13 advanced permit ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 host 192.168.11.51 rule-id 268438865 (hitcnt=0) 0x622350d0

Snort 引擎：

# Start of AC rule. 268438864 intreset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.50 32 80 any 6 # End rule 268438864 268438865 intreset any 192.168.10.0 24 any any 192.168.11.51 32 any any any (appid 676:1) (ip_protos 6, 17) # End rule 268438865

與「阻止並重置」一樣，使用者可以選擇 Continue 選項：

在 Snort 偵錯中，顯示於 Interactive Reset 中的動作：

> system support trace Enable firewall-engine-debug too? [n]: y Please specify an IP protocol: tcp Please specify a client IP address: 192.168.10.52 Please specify a client port: Please specify a server IP address: 192.168.11.50 Please specify a server port: Monitoring packet tracer and firewall debug messages 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, seq 3232128039 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Session: new snort session 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 new firewall session 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0 -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, source sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest sgt tag: 0, svc 0, payload 0, client 0, misc 0, user 9999997, icmpType 0, icmpCode 0 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 MidRecovery data sent for rule id: 268438864,rule_action:8, rev id:1099034206, rule_match flag:0x0 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 HitCount data sent for rule id: 268438864, 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, SYN, ACK, seq 2228213518, ack 3232128040 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58958 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3232128040, ack 2228213519 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service unknown (0), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3232128040, ack 2228213519 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 bypass action sending HTTP interactive response of 1093 bytes 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive block rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', drop 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort: processed decoder alerts or actions queue, drop 192.168.10.52-58958 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 24 deleting firewall session flags = 0x800, fwFlags = 0x1002 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 24, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict BLACKLIST 192.168.10.52-58958 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 ===> Blocked by Firewall Verdict reason is sent to DAQ

此時，阻止頁面將顯示給終端使用者。如果使用者選擇 Continue （或重新整理網頁）與這次允許流量透過的規則相同：

192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 1593478294, ack 3135589307 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 Starting AC with minimum 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', and IPProto first with zones -1 -> -1, geo 0(0) -> 0, vlan 0, source sgt type: 0, sgt tag: 0, ISE sgt id: 0, dest sgt type: 0, ISE dest_sgt_tag: 0, svc 676, payload 0, client 589, misc 0, user 9999997, min url-cat-list 0-0-0, url http://192.168.11.50/, xff 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 match rule order 2, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', action Interactive Reset 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 bypass action interactive bypass 192.168.10.52-58962 > 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 I 14 allow action 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.10.52-58962 - 192.168.11.50-80 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 14, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Packet: TCP, ACK, seq 3135589307, ack 1593478786 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 AppID: service HTTP (676), application unknown (0) 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: allow rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Firewall: interactive bypass rule, 'Inter-Block-Rule1', allow 192.168.11.50-80 - 192.168.10.52-58962 6 AS 1-1 CID 0 Snort id 14, NAP id 1, IPS id 0, Verdict PASS

Interactive Block with reset 規則會傳送 TCP RST 至非網路的流量：

firepower# show cap CAPI | i 11.50 2: 22:13:33.112954 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: S 3109534920:3109534920(0) win 29200 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 3745225378 0,nop,wscale 7> 3: 22:13:33.113626 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: S 3422362500:3422362500(0) ack 3109534921 win 8192 <mss 1380,nop,wscale 8,sackOK,timestamp 53252448 3745225378> 4: 22:13:33.113824 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362501 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225379 53252448> 5: 22:13:33.114953 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362501:3422362543(42) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379> 6: 22:13:33.114984 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362543:3422362549(6) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379> 7: 22:13:33.114984 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: P 3422362549:3422362570(21) ack 3109534921 win 256 <nop,nop,timestamp 53252448 3745225379> 8: 22:13:33.115182 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362543 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448> 9: 22:13:33.115411 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362549 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448> 10: 22:13:33.115426 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: . ack 3422362570 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745225381 53252448> 12: 22:13:34.803699 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.10.50.40010 > 192.168.11.50.21: P 3109534921:3109534931(10) ack 3422362570 win 229 <nop,nop,timestamp 3745227069 53252448> 13: 22:13:34.804523 802.1Q vlan#202 P0 192.168.11.50.21 > 192.168.10.50.40010: R 3422362570:3422362570(0) ack 3109534931 win 0

`FTD 次要連線和針孔`

在舊版（例如6.2.2、6.2.3等）中，如果使用 Trust 操作，Snort引擎不會為輔助連線（例如，FTD資料）打開針孔。在最新版本中，此行為已更改，即使使用 Trust 操作，Snort引擎也會打開針孔。

`FTD 規則指南`

 針對大流量使用預先篩選原則 Fastpath 規則，以減少通過方塊的延遲
 針對必須根據 L3/L4 條件封鎖的流量使用預先篩選 Block 規則
 如果您想要略過多數 Snort 檢查，但仍想要充分利用身分識別原則、QoS、SI、應用程式偵測、URL 篩選等功能，請使用 ACP Trust 規則
 透過使用以下指南，設置對於存取控制原則頂端之防火牆效能影響不大的規則：

 Block 規則（第 1 層至第 4 層）- 預先篩選 Block
 Allow 規則（第 1 層至第 4 層）- 預先篩選 Fastpath
 ACP Block 規則（第 1 層至第 4 層）
 Trust 規則（第 1 層至第 4 層）
 Block 規則（第 5 層至第 7 層 - 應用程式偵測、URL 篩選）
 Allow 規則（第 1 層至第 7 層 - 應用程式偵測、URL 篩選、入侵原則/檔案原則）
 Block 規則（預設規則）

 避免過度記錄（在開始或結束時記錄，並避免同時記錄）
 注意規則擴充，檢查 LINA 中的規則數量

firepower# show access-list | include elements access-list CSM_FW_ACL_; 7 elements; name hash: 0x4a69e3f3

`摘要`

預先篩選動作

ACP 動作

注意：從6.3 FTD軟體代碼開始，動態流量解除安裝可以解除安裝符合其他條件的連線；例如，需要Snort檢查的信任封包。有關詳細資訊，請參閱Firepower管理中心配置指南中的分流大型連線（流）部分

`相關資訊`

 FTD 存取控制規則
 FTD 預先篩選和預先篩選原則
 分析 Firepower 防火牆擷取，以有效針對網路問題進行疑難排解
 搭配使用 Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) 擷取和 Packet-Tracer
 透過 FMC 設定 FTD 中的記錄
 技術支援與文件 - Cisco Systems
 卸載大型連線

修訂記錄

修訂	發佈日期	意見
3.0	16-Aug-2024	已更新格式、樣式要求和語法。
2.0	29-Sep-2022	針對機器翻譯、樣式要求、名詞、SEO、偏見的語言和語法進行了更新。
1.0	19-Oct-2017	初始版本

由思科工程師貢獻

Mikis Zafeiroudis
Customer Delivery Engineering Technical Leader
Veronika Klauzova
Cisco TAC Engineer
Ilkin Gasimov
Customer Delivery Engineering Technical Leader

澄清FTD存取控制原則規則動作

下載選項

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關於此翻譯

目錄

簡介

必要條件

需求

採用元件

相關產品

背景資訊

ACP 部署方式

設定

ACP 可用動作

ACP 和預先篩選原則互動方式

ACP Block 動作

案例 1.早期LINA丟棄

案例 2.由於Snort判定而丟棄

ACP Block with reset 動作

ACP Allow 動作

案例 1.ACP允許操作（L3/L4條件）

案例 2.ACP允許操作（L3-7條件）

案例 3.Snort快速轉發判定與Allow

ACP Trust 動作

案例 1.ACP Trust 動作

案例 2.ACP信任操作（不帶SI、QoS和身份策略）

預先篩選原則 Block 動作

預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作

預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作（內嵌集合）

預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作（使用 Tap 的內嵌集合）

預先篩選原則 Analyze 動作

案例 1.使用ACP區塊規則進行預先篩選分析

案例 2.使用ACP允許規則進行預過濾器分析

案例 3.使用ACP信任規則進行預過濾器分析

案例 4.使用ACP信任規則進行預過濾器分析

ACP Monitor 動作

ACP Interactive Block 動作

ACP Interactive Block with reset 動作

FTD 次要連線和針孔

FTD 規則指南

摘要

相關資訊

修訂記錄

由思科工程師貢獻

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本文件適用於這些產品

`案例 2.由於Snort判定而丟棄`

`ACP Block with reset 動作`

`ACP Allow 動作`

`案例 1.ACP允許操作（L3/L4條件）`

`案例 2.ACP允許操作（L3-7條件）`

`案例 3.Snort快速轉發判定與Allow`

`ACP Trust 動作`

`案例 1.ACP Trust 動作`

`案例 2.ACP信任操作（不帶SI、QoS和身份策略）`

`預先篩選原則 Block 動作`

`預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作`

`預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作（內嵌集合）`

`預先篩選原則 Fastpath 動作（使用 Tap 的內嵌集合）`

`預先篩選原則 Analyze 動作`

`案例 1.使用ACP區塊規則進行預先篩選分析`

`案例 2.使用ACP允許規則進行預過濾器分析`

`案例 3.使用ACP信任規則進行預過濾器分析`

`案例 4.使用ACP信任規則進行預過濾器分析`

`ACP Monitor 動作`

`ACP Interactive Block 動作`

`ACP Interactive Block with reset 動作`

`FTD 次要連線和針孔`

`FTD 規則指南`

`摘要`

`相關資訊`