Configuring Weighted Random Early Detection

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Cisco IOS

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This module describes the tasks for configuring Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED), distributed WRED (DWRED), flow-based WRED, and DiffServ Compliant WRED on a router.


Note

WRED is useful with adaptive traffic such as TCP/IP. With TCP, dropped packets indicate congestion, so the packet source will reduce its transmission rate. With other protocols, packet sources may not respond or may resend dropped packets at the same rate. Thus, dropping packets does not decrease congestion. WRED treats non-IP traffic as precedence 0, the lowest precedence. Therefore, non-IP traffic is more likely to be dropped than IP traffic. You cannot configure WRED on the same interface as Route Switch Processor (RSP)-based custom queueing (CQ), priority queueing (PQ), or weighted fair queueing (WFQ). However, you can configure both DWRED and DWFQ on the same interface.

Random Early Detection (RED) is a congestion avoidance mechanism that takes advantage of the congestion control mechanism of TCP. By randomly dropping packets prior to periods of high congestion, RED tells the packet source to decrease its transmission rate. WRED drops packets selectively based on IP precedence. Edge routers assign IP precedences to packets as they enter the network. (WRED is useful on any output interface where you expect to have congestion. However, WRED is usually used in the core routers of a network, rather than at the edge.) WRED uses these precedences to determine how it treats different types of traffic.

When a packet arrives, the following events occur:

  1. The average queue size is calculated.
  2. If the average is less than the minimum queue threshold, the arriving packet is queued.
  3. If the average is between the minimum queue threshold for that type of traffic and the maximum threshold for the interface, the packet is either dropped or queued, depending on the packet drop probability for that type of traffic.
  4. If the average queue size is greater than the maximum threshold, the packet is dropped.

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Weighted Random Early Detection Configuration Task List

Enabling WRED


Note

To avoid counter issues do not configure WRED and queue-limit on the same interface at the same time.

Command

Purpose 

Router(config-if)# random-detect

Enables WRED. If you configure this command on a Versatile Interface Processor (VIP) interface, DWRED is enabled.

Changing WRED Parameters


Note

The default WRED parameter values are based on the best available data. We recommend that you do not change the parameters from their default values unless you have determined that your applications will benefit from the changed values.

Command

Purpose

 
Router(config-if)# random-detect exponential-weighting-constant  exponent

Configures the weight factor used in calculating the average queue length.

 
Router(config-if)# random-detect precedence  precedence min-threshold max-threshold mark-prob-denominator

Configures parameters for packets with a specific IP Precedence. The minimum threshold for IP Precedence 0 corresponds to half the maximum threshold for the interface. Repeat this command for each precedence. To configure RED, rather than WRED, use the same parameters for each precedence.

Monitoring WRED

Command

Purpose

 
Router# show queue interface-type interface-number

Displays the header information of the packets inside a queue. This command does not support DWRED.

 
Router# show queueing interface interface-number [vc [[vpi /] vci]]

Displays the WRED statistics of a specific virtual circuit (VC) on an interface.

 
Router# show queueing random-detect

Displays the queueing configuration for WRED.

 
Router# show interfaces [type slot | port-adapter | port]

Displays WRED configuration on an interface.

DWRED Configuration Task List

Configuring DWRED in a Traffic Policy

SUMMARY STEPS

    1.    Router(config)# policy-map policy-map

    2.    Router(config-pmap)# class class-name

    3.    Steps 3, 4, and 5 are optional. If you do not want to configure the exponential weight factor, specify the amount of bandwidth, or specify the number of queues to be reserved, you can skip these three steps and continue with step 6.

    4.    Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect exponential-weighting-constant exponent

    5.    Router(config-pmap-c)# bandwidth bandwidth-kbps

    6.    Router(config-pmap-c)# fair-queue queue-limit queue-values

    7.    Router(config-pmap-c)# queue-limit number-of-packets


DETAILED STEPS
      Command or Action Purpose
    Step 1 Router(config)# policy-map policy-map 

    Specifies the name of the traffic policy to be created or modified.

     
    Step 2 Router(config-pmap)# class class-name 

    Specifies the name of a traffic class to be created and included in the traffic policy

     
    Step 3 Steps 3, 4, and 5 are optional. If you do not want to configure the exponential weight factor, specify the amount of bandwidth, or specify the number of queues to be reserved, you can skip these three steps and continue with step 6. 

     
    Step 4 Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect exponential-weighting-constant exponent 

    Configures the exponential weight factor used in calculating the average queue length.

     
    Step 5 Router(config-pmap-c)# bandwidth bandwidth-kbps 

    Specifies the amount of bandwidth, in kbps, to be assigned to the traffic class.

     
    Step 6 Router(config-pmap-c)# fair-queue queue-limit queue-values  

    Specifies the number of queues to be reserved for the traffic class.

     
    Step 7 Router(config-pmap-c)# queue-limit number-of-packets 

    Specifies the maximum number of packets that can be queued for the specified traffic class.

     

    Configuring DWRED to Use IP Precedence Values in a Traffic Policy

    SUMMARY STEPS

      1.    Router(config)# policy-map policy-map

      2.    Router(config-pmap)# class class-name

      3.    Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect exponential-weighting-constant exponent

      4.    Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect precedence precedence min-threshold max-threshold mark-prob-denominato r


    DETAILED STEPS
        Command or Action Purpose
      Step 1 Router(config)# policy-map policy-map 

      Specifies the name of the traffic policy to be created or modified.

       
      Step 2 Router(config-pmap)# class class-name 

      Specifies the name of a traffic class to associate with the traffic policy

       
      Step 3 Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect exponential-weighting-constant exponent 

      Configures the exponential weight factor used in calculating the average queue length.

       
      Step 4 Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect precedence precedence min-threshold max-threshold mark-prob-denominato r 

      Configures the parameters for packets with a specific IP Precedence. The minimum threshold for IP Precedence 0 corresponds to half the maximum threshold for the interface. Repeat this command for each precedence.

       

      Monitoring and Maintaining DWRED

      Command

      Purpose

      		 
      Router#
 
show policy-map

      Displays all configured traffic policies.

      		 
      Router# show policy-map policy-map-name

      Displays the user-specified traffic policy.

      		 
      Router#
 
show policy-map interface

      Displays statistics and configurations of all input and output policies attached to an interface.

      		 
      Router#
 show policy-map interface interface-spec

      Displays configuration and statistics of the input and output policies attached to a particular interface.

      		 
      Router#
 show policy-map interface interface-spec input

      Displays configuration and statistics of the input policy attached to an interface.

      		 
      Router#
 show policy-map interface interface-spec output

      Displays configuration statistics of the output policy attached to an interface.

      		 
      Router#
 show policy-map  interface [interface-spec [input | output] [class class-name]]]]

      Displays the configuration and statistics for the class name configured in the policy.

      Flow-Based WRED Configuration Task List

      Configuring Flow-Based WRED

      SUMMARY STEPS

        1.    Router(config-if)# random-detect flow

        2.    Router(config-if)# random-detect flow average-depth-factor scaling-factor

        3.    Router(config-if)# random-detect flow count number


      DETAILED STEPS
          Command or Action Purpose
        Step 1 Router(config-if)# random-detect flow 

        Enables flow-based WRED.

         
        Step 2 Router(config-if)# random-detect flow average-depth-factor scaling-factor 

        Sets the flow threshold multiplier for flow-based WRED.

         
        Step 3 Router(config-if)# random-detect flow count number 

        Sets the maximum flow count for flow-based WRED.

         

        DiffServ Compliant WRED Configuration Task List

        Configuring WRED to Use the Differentiated Services Code Point Value

        WRED at the Interface Level

        SUMMARY STEPS

          1.    Router(config-if)# random-detect dscp-based

          2.    Router(config-if)# random-detect dscp dscpvalue min-threshold max-threshold[mark-probability-denominator]


        DETAILED STEPS
            Command or Action Purpose
          Step 1 Router(config-if)# random-detect dscp-based 

          Indicates that WRED is to use the DSCP value when it calculates the drop probability for the packet.

           
          Step 2 Router(config-if)# random-detect dscp dscpvalue min-threshold max-threshold[mark-probability-denominator] 

          Specifies the minimum and maximum thresholds, and, optionally, the mark-probability denominator for the specified DSCP value.

           

          WRED at the per-VC Level

          SUMMARY STEPS

            1.    Router(config)# random-detect-group group-name dscp-based

            2.    Router(cfg-red-grp)# dscp dscpvalue min-threshold max-threshold[mark-probability-denominator]

            3.    Router(config-atm-vc)# random-detect[attach group-name]


          DETAILED STEPS
              Command or Action Purpose
            Step 1 Router(config)# random-detect-group group-name dscp-based 

            Indicates that WRED is to use the DSCP value when it calculates the drop probability for the packet.

             
            Step 2 Router(cfg-red-grp)# dscp dscpvalue min-threshold max-threshold[mark-probability-denominator] 

            Specifies the DSCP value, the minimum and maximum packet thresholds and, optionally, the mark-probability denominator for the DSCP value.

             
            Step 3 Router(config-atm-vc)# random-detect[attach group-name]  

            Enables per-VC WRED or per-VC VIP-DWRED.

             

            WRED at the Class Level

            SUMMARY STEPS

              1.    Router(config-if)# class-map class-map-name

              2.    Router(config-cmap)# match match criterion

              3.    Router(config-if)# policy-map policy-map

              4.    Router(config-pmap)# class class-map-name

              5.    Router(config-pmap-c)# bandwidth {bandwidth-kbps | percent percent}

              6.    Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect dscp-based

              7.    Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect dscp dscpvalue min-threshold max-threshold[mark-probability-denominator]

              8.    Router(config-if)# service-policy output policy-map


            DETAILED STEPS
                Command or Action Purpose
              Step 1 Router(config-if)# class-map class-map-name 

              Creates a class map to be used for matching packets to a specified class.

               
              Step 2 Router(config-cmap)# match match criterion 

              Configures the match criteria for a class map.

               
              Step 3 Router(config-if)# policy-map policy-map 

              Creates or modifies a policy map that can be attached to one or more interfaces to specify a traffic policy.

               
              Step 4 Router(config-pmap)# class class-map-name 

              Specifies the QoS actions for the default class.

               
              Step 5 Router(config-pmap-c)# bandwidth {bandwidth-kbps | percent percent} 

              Specifies or modifies the bandwidth allocated for a class belonging to a policy map.

               
              Step 6 Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect dscp-based 

              Indicates that WRED is to use the DSCP value when it calculates the drop probability for the packet.

               
              Step 7 Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect dscp dscpvalue min-threshold max-threshold[mark-probability-denominator] 

              Specifies the minimum and maximum packet thresholds and, optionally, the mark-probability denominator for the DSCP value.

               
              Step 8 Router(config-if)# service-policy output policy-map 

              Attaches a policy map to an output interface or VC to be used as the traffic policy for that interface or VC.

               

              Verifying the DSCP Value Configuration

              Command

              Purpose

              		 
              Router# show queueing interface

              Displays the queueing statistics of an interface or VC.

              		 
              Router# show policy-map interface

              Displays the configuration of classes configured for traffic policies on the specified interface or permanent virtual circuit (PVC).

              WRED Configuration Examples

              Example WRED Configuration

              The following example enables WRED with default parameter values:

              interface Serial5/0
 description to qos1-75a
 ip address 200.200.14.250 255.255.255.252
 random-detect

              Use the show interfaces command output to verify the configuration. Notice that the "Queueing strategy" report lists "random early detection (RED)."

              Router# show interfaces serial 5/0
Serial5/0 is up, line protocol is up 
  Hardware is M4T
  Description: to qos1-75a
  Internet address is 200.200.14.250/30
  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 128 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, 
     reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 237/255
  Encapsulation HDLC, crc 16, loopback not set
  Keepalive not set
  Last input 00:00:15, output 00:00:00, output hang never
  Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:05:08
  Input queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 1036
  Queueing strategy: random early detection(RED)
  5 minutes input rate 0 bits/sec, 2 packets/sec
  5 minutes output rate 119000 bits/sec, 126 packets/sec
     594 packets input, 37115 bytes, 0 no buffer
     Received 5 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
     0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
     37525 packets output, 4428684 bytes, 0 underruns
     0 output errors, 0 collisions, 0 interface resets
     0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
     0 carrier transitions     DCD=up  DSR=up  DTR=up  RTS=up  CTS=up

              Use the show queue command output to view the current contents of the interface queue. Notice that there is only a single queue into which packets from all IP precedences are placed after dropping has taken place. The output has been truncated to show only three of the five packets.

              Router# show queue serial 5/0 
Output queue for Serial5/0 is 5/0
Packet 1, linktype: ip, length: 118, flags: 0x288
  source: 190.1.3.4, destination: 190.1.2.2, id: 0x0001, ttl: 254,
  TOS: 128 prot: 17, source port 11111, destination port 22222
    data: 0x2B67 0x56CE 0x005E 0xE89A 0xCBA9 0x8765 0x4321 
          0x0FED 0xCBA9 0x8765 0x4321 0x0FED 0xCBA9 0x8765 
Packet 2, linktype: ip, length: 118, flags: 0x288
  source: 190.1.3.5, destination: 190.1.2.2, id: 0x0001, ttl: 254,
  TOS: 160 prot: 17, source port 11111, destination port 22222
    data: 0x2B67 0x56CE 0x005E 0xE89A 0xCBA9 0x8765 0x4321 
          0x0FED 0xCBA9 0x8765 0x4321 0x0FED 0xCBA9 0x8765 
Packet 3, linktype: ip, length: 118, flags: 0x280
  source: 190.1.3.6, destination: 190.1.2.2, id: 0x0001, ttl: 254,
  TOS: 192 prot: 17, source port 11111, destination port 22222
    data: 0x2B67 0x56CE 0x005E 0xE89A 0xCBA9 0x8765 0x4321 
          0x0FED 0xCBA9 0x8765 0x4321 0x0FED 0xCBA9 0x8765

              Use the show queueing command output to view the current settings for each of the precedences. Also notice that the default minimum thresholds are spaced evenly between half and the entire maximum threshold. Thresholds are specified in terms of packet count.

              Router# show queueing
Current random-detect configuration:
     Serial5/0
       Queueing strategy:random early detection (WRED)
       Exp-weight-constant:9 (1/512)
       Mean queue depth:28
   
       Class   Random       Tail    Minimum    Maximum     Mark
                 drop       drop  threshold  threshold  probability
         0        330          0         20         40     1/10
         1        267          0         22         40     1/10
         2        217          0         24         40     1/10
         3        156          0         26         40     1/10
         4         61          0         28         40     1/10
         5          6          0         31         40     1/10
         6          0          0         33         40     1/10
         7          0          0         35         40     1/10
        rsvp        0          0         37         40     1/10

              Example Parameter-Setting DWRED

              The following example specifies the same parameters for each IP precedence. Thus, all IP precedences receive the same treatment. Start by enabling DWRED.

              interface FastEthernet1/0/0
 ip address 200.200.14.250 255.255.255.252
 random-detect

              Next, enter the show queueing random-detect command to determine reasonable values to use for the precedence-specific parameters.

              Router# show queueing random-detect
Current random-detect configuration:
  FastEthernet2/0/0
    Queueing strategy:fifo
    Packet drop strategy:VIP-based random early detection (DWRED)
    Exp-weight-constant:9 (1/512)
    Mean queue depth:0
    Queue size:0       Maximum available buffers:6308
    Output packets:5  WRED drops:0  No buffer:0
    Class   Random       Tail    Minimum    Maximum     Mark       Output
              drop       drop  threshold  threshold  probability  Packets
      0          0          0       109        218      1/10            5
      1          0          0       122        218      1/10            0
      2          0          0       135        218      1/10            0
      3          0          0       148        218      1/10            0
      4          0          0       161        218      1/10            0
      5          0          0       174        218      1/10            0
      6          0          0       187        218      1/10            0
      7          0          0       200        218      1/10            0

              Complete the configuration by assigning the same parameter values to each precedence. Use the values obtained from the show queueing random-detect command output to choose reasonable parameter values.

              interface FastEthernet1/0/0
 random-detect precedence 0 100 218 10
 random-detect precedence 1 100 218 10
 random-detect precedence 2 100 218 10
 random-detect precedence 3 100 218 10
 random-detect precedence 4 100 218 10
 random-detect precedence 5 100 218 10
 random-detect precedence 6 100 218 10
 random-detect precedence 7 100 218 10

              Example Parameter-Setting WRED

              The following example enables WRED on the interface and specifies parameters for the different IP precedences:

              interface Hssi0/0/0
 description 45Mbps to R1
 ip address 10.200.14.250 255.255.255.252
 random-detect
 random-detect precedence 0 32 256 100
 random-detect precedence 1 64 256 100
 random-detect precedence 2 96 256 100
 random-detect precedence 3 120 256 100
 random-detect precedence 4 140 256 100
 random-detect precedence 5 170 256 100
 random-detect precedence 6 290 256 100
 random-detect precedence 7 210 256 100
 random-detect precedence rsvp 230 256 100

              DWRED Configuration Examples

              Example DWRED on an Interface

              The following example configures DWRED on an interface with a weight factor of 10:

              Router(config)# interface hssi0/0/0
Router(config-if)# description 45mbps to R1
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.14.250 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)# random-detect
Router(config-if)# random-detect exponential-weighting-constant 10

              Example Modular QoS CLI

              The following example enables DWRED using the Legacy CLI (non-Modular QoS Command-Line Interface) feature on the interface and specifies parameters for the different IP precedences:

              interface Hssi0/0/0
 description 45Mbps to R1
 ip address 200.200.14.250 255.255.255.252
 random-detect
 random-detect precedence 0 32 256 100
 random-detect precedence 1 64 256 100
 random-detect precedence 2 96 256 100
 random-detect precedence 3 120 256 100
 random-detect precedence 4 140 256 100
 random-detect precedence 5 170 256 100
 random-detect precedence 6 290 256 100
 random-detect precedence 7 210 256 100
 random-detect precedence rsvp 230 256 100

              The following example uses the Modular QoS CLI to configure a traffic policy called policy10. For congestion avoidance, WRED packet drop is used, not tail drop. IP Precedence is reset for levels 0 through 5. 

              policy-map policy10 
 class acl10
 bandwidth 2000
 random-detect exponential-weighting-constant 10
 random-detect precedence 0 32 256 100
 random-detect precedence 1 64 256 100
 random-detect precedence 2 96 256 100
 random-detect precedence 3 120 256 100
 random-detect precedence 4 140 256 100
 random-detect precedence 5 170 256 100

              Example Configuring DWRED in Traffic Policy

              The following example configures policy for a traffic class named int10 to configure the exponential weight factor as 12. This is the weight factor used for the average queue size calculation for the queue for traffic class int10. WRED packet drop is used for congestion avoidance for traffic class int10, not tail drop. 

              policy-map policy12 
 class int10
 bandwidth 2000
 random-detect exponential-weighting-constant 12

              Flow-Based WRED Configuration Example

              The following example enables WRED on the serial interface 1 and configures flow-based WRED. The random-detect interface configuration command is used to enable WRED. Once WRED is enabled, the random-detect flow command is used to enable flow-based WRED.

              After flow-based WRED is enabled, the random-detect flow average-depth-factor command is used to set the scaling factor to 8 and the random-detect flow count command is used to set the flow count to 16. The scaling factor is used to scale the number of buffers available per flow and to determine the number of packets allowed in the output queue for each active flow.

              configure terminal
interface Serial1
 random-detect
 random-detect flow
 random-detect flow average-depth-factor 8
 random-detect flow count 16
end

              The following part of the example shows a sample configuration file after the previous flow-based WRED commands are issued:

              Router# more system:running-config
Building configuration...
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime
service timestamps log uptime
no service password-encryption
service tcp-small-servers
!
no logging console
enable password lab
!
clock timezone PST -8
clock summer-time PDT recurring
ip subnet-zero
no ip domain-lookup
!
interface Ethernet0
 no ip address
 no ip directed-broadcast
 no ip mroute-cache
 shutdown
!
interface Serial0
 no ip address
 no ip directed-broadcast
 no ip mroute-cache
 no keepalive
 shutdown
!
interface Serial1
 ip address 190.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
 no ip directed-broadcast
 load-interval 30
 no keepalive
 random-detect
 random-detect flow
 random-detect flow count 16
 random-detect flow average-depth-factor 8
!
router igrp 8
 network 190.1.0.0
!
ip classless
no ip http server
!
line con 0
 transport input none
line 1 16
 transport input all
line aux 0
 transport input all
line vty 0 4
 password lab
 login
!
end

              DiffServ Compliant WRED Configuration Examples

              Example WRED Configured to Use the DSCP Value

              The following example configures WRED to use the DSCP value 8. The minimum threshold for the DSCP value 8 is 24 and the maximum threshold is 40. This configuration was performed at the interface level.

              Router(config-if)# interface seo/0
Router(config-if)# random-detect dscp-based
Router(config-if)# random-detect dscp 8 24 40

              The following example enables WRED to use the DSCP value 9. The minimum threshold for the DSCP value 9 is 20 and the maximum threshold is 50. This configuration can be attached to other VCs, as required.

              Router(config)# random-detect-group sanjose dscp-based
Router(cfg-red-grp)# dscp 9 20 50
Router(config-subif-vc)# random-detect attach sanjose

              The following example enables WRED to use the DSCP value 8 for the class c1. The minimum threshold for the DSCP value 8 is 24 and the maximum threshold is 40. The last line attaches the traffic policy to the output interface or VC p1.

              Router(config-if)# class-map c1
Router(config-cmap)# match access-group 101
Router(config-if)# policy-map p1
Router(config-pmap)# class c1
Router(config-pmap-c)# bandwidth 48
Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect dscp-based
Router(config-pmap-c)# random-detect dscp 8 24 40
Router(config-if)# service-policy output p1

              Example DSCP Value Configuration Verification

              When WRED has been configured to use the DSCP value when it calculates the drop probability of a packet, all entries of the DSCP table are initialized with the appropriate default values. The example in the following section are samples of the show policy interface command for WRED at the class level.

              This example displays packet statistics along with the entries of the DSCP table, confirming that WRED has been enabled to use the DSCP value when it calculates the drop probability for a packet.

              Router# show policy interface Serial6/3 
 Serial6/3 
  Service-policy output: test
    Class-map: c1 (match-any)
      0 packets, 0 bytes
      5 minute offered rate 0 bps, drop rate 0 bps
      Match: protocol ip
        0 packets, 0 bytes
        5 minute rate 0 bps
      Weighted Fair Queueing
        Output Queue: Conversation 265 
        Bandwidth 20 (%)
        Bandwidth 308 (kbps)
        (pkts matched/bytes matched) 0/0
        (depth/total drops/no-buffer drops) 0/0/0
         exponential weight: 9
         mean queue depth: 0
dscp     Transmitted       Random drop      Tail drop    Minimum Maximum  Mark
          pkts/bytes        pkts/bytes       pkts/bytes    thresh  thresh  prob
af11          0/0               0/0              0/0           32      40  1/10
af12          0/0               0/0              0/0           28      40  1/10
af13          0/0               0/0              0/0           24      40  1/10
af21          0/0               0/0              0/0           32      40  1/10
af22          0/0               0/0              0/0           28      40  1/10
af23          0/0               0/0              0/0           24      40  1/10
af31          0/0               0/0              0/0           32      40  1/10
af32          0/0               0/0              0/0           28      40  1/10
af33          0/0               0/0              0/0           24      40  1/10
af41          0/0               0/0              0/0           32      40  1/10
af42          0/0               0/0              0/0           28      40  1/10
af43          0/0               0/0              0/0           24      40  1/10
cs1           0/0               0/0              0/0           22      40  1/10
cs2           0/0               0/0              0/0           24      40  1/10
cs3           0/0               0/0              0/0           26      40  1/10
cs4           0/0               0/0              0/0           28      40  1/10
cs5           0/0               0/0              0/0           30      40  1/10
cs6           0/0               0/0              0/0           32      40  1/10
cs7           0/0               0/0              0/0           34      40  1/10
ef            0/0               0/0              0/0           36      40  1/10
rsvp          0/0               0/0              0/0           36      40  1/10
default       0/0               0/0              0/0           20      40  1/10