Firewall High-Speed Logging

The Firewall High-Speed Logging feature supports the high-speed logging (HSL) of firewall messages by using NetFlow Version 9 as the export format.

This module describes how to configure HSL for zone-based policy firewalls.

Finding Feature Information

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Information About Firewall High-Speed Logging

Firewall High-Speed Logging Overview

Zone-based firewalls support high-speed logging (HSL). When HSL is configured, a firewall provides a log of packets that flow through routing devices (similar to the NetFlow Version 9 records) to an external collector. Records are sent when sessions are created and destroyed. Session records contain the full 5-tuple information (the source IP address, destination IP address, source port, destination port, and protocol). A tuple is an ordered list of elements.

HSL allows a firewall to log records with minimum impact to packet processing. The firewall uses buffered mode for HSL. In buffered mode, a firewall logs records directly to the high-speed logger buffer, and exports of packets separately.

A firewall logs the following types of events:

  • Audit—Session creation and removal notifications.

  • Alert—Half-open and maximum-open TCP session notifications.

  • Drop—Packet-drop notifications.

  • Pass—Packet-pass (based on the configured rate limit) notifications.

  • Summary—Policy-drop and pass-summary notifications.

The NetFlow collector issues the show platform software interface F0 brief command to map the FW_SRC_INTF_ID and FW_DST_INTF_ID interface IDs to the interface name.

The following sample output from the show platform software interface F0 brief command shows that the ID column maps the interface ID to the interface name (Name column):

Device# show platform software interface F0 brief

Name                          ID      QFP ID   
GigabitEthernet0/2/0          16         9     
GigabitEthernet0/2/1          17        10     
GigabitEthernet0/2/2          18        11     
GigabitEthernet0/2/3          19        12

NetFlow Field ID Descriptions

The following table lists NetFlow field IDs used within the firewall NetFlow templates:

Table 1 NetFlow Field IDs

Field ID

Type

Length

Description

NetFlow ID Fields (Layer 3 IPv4)

FW_SRC_ADDR_IPV4

8

4

Source IPv4 address

FW_DST_ADDR_IPV4

12

4

Destination IPv4 address

FW_SRC_ADDR_IPV6

27

16

Source IPv6 address

FW_DST_ADDR_IPV6

28

16

Destination IPv6 address

FW_PROTOCOL

4

1

IP protocol value

FW_IPV4_IDENT

54

4

IPv4 identification

FW_IP_PROTOCOL_VERSION

60

1

IP protocol version

Flow ID Fields (Layer 4)

FW_TCP_FLAGS

6

1

TCP flags

FW_SRC_PORT

7

2

Source port

FW_DST_PORT

11

2

Destination port

FW_ICMP_TYPE

176

1

ICMP 1 type value

FW_ICMP_CODE

177

1

ICMP code value

FW_ICMP_IPV6_TYPE

178

1

ICMP Version 6 (ICMPv6) type value

FW_ICMP_IPV6_CODE

179

1

ICMPv6 code value

FW_TCP_SEQ

184

4

TCP sequence number

FW_TCP_ACK

185

4

TCP acknowledgment number

Flow ID Fields (Layer 7)

FW_L7_PROTOCOL_ID

95

2

Layer 7 protocol ID. Identifies the Layer 7 application classification used by firewall inspection. Normal records use 2 bytes, but optional records use 4 bytes.

Flow Name Fields (Layer 7)

FLOW_FIELD_L7_PROTOCOL_NAME

96

32

Layer 7 protocol name. Identifies the Layer 7 protocol name that corresponds to the Layer 7 protocol ID (FW_L7_PROTOCOL_ID).

Flow ID Fields (Interface)

FW_SRC_INTF_ID

10

2

Ingress SNMP 2 ifIndex

FW_DST_INTF_ID

14

2

Egress SNMP ifIndex

FW_SRC_VRF_ID

234

4

Ingress (initiator) VRF 3 ID

FW_DST_VRF_ID

235

4

Egress (responder) VRF ID

FW_VRF_NAME

236

32

VRF name

Mapped Flow ID Fields (Network Address Translation)

FW_XLATE_SRC_ADDR_IPV4

225

4

Mapped source IPv4 address

FW_XLATE_DST_ADDR_IPV4

226

4

Mapped destination IPv4 address

FW_XLATE_SRC_PORT

227

2

Mapped source port

FW_XLATE_DST_PORT

228

2

Mapped destination port

Status and Event Fields

FW_EVENT

233

1

High level event codes

  • 0—Ignore (invalid)

  • 1—Flow created

  • 2—Flow deleted

  • 3—Flow denied

  • 4—Flow alert

FW_EXT_EVENT

35,001

2

Extended event code. For normal records the length is 2 byte, and 4 byte for optional records.

Timestamp and Statistics Fields

FW_EVENT_TIME_MSEC

323

8

Time, in milliseconds, (time since 0000 hours UTC 4 January 1, 1970) when the event occurred (if the event is a microevent, use 324 and 325, if it is a nanoevent)

FW_INITIATOR_OCTETS

231

4

Total number of Layer 4 payload bytes in the packet flow that arrives from the initiator

FW_RESPONDER_OCTETS

232

4

Total number of Layer 4 payload bytes in the packet flow that arrives from the responder

AAA Fields

FW_USERNAME

40,000

20 or 64 depending on the template

AAA 5 user name

FW_USERNAME_MAX

40,000

64

AAA user name of the maximum permitted size

Alert Fields

FW_HALFOPEN_CNT

35,012

4

Half-open session entry count

FW_BLACKOUT_SECS

35,004

4

Time, in seconds, when the destination is blacked out or unavailable

FW_HALFOPEN_HIGH

35,005

4

Configured maximum rate of TCP half-open session entries logged in one minute

FW_HALFOPEN_RATE

35,006

4

Current rate of TCP half-open session entries logged in one minute

FW_MAX_SESSIONS

35,008

4

Maximum number of sessions allowed for this zone pair or class ID

Miscellaneous

FW_ZONEPAIR_ID

35,007

4

Zone pair ID

FW_CLASS_ID

51

4

Class ID

FW_ZONEPAIR_NAME

35,009

64

Zone pair name

FW_CLASS_NAME

100

64

Class name

FW_EXT_EVENT_DESC

35,010

32

Extended event description

FLOW_FIELD_CTS_SRC_GROUP_TAG

34000

2

Cisco Trustsec source tag

FW_SUMMARY_PKT_CNT

35,011

4

Number of packets represented by the drop/pass summary record

FW_EVENT_LEVEL

33003

4

Defines the level of the logged event

  • 0x01—Per box

  • 0x02—VRF

  • 0x03—Zone

  • 0x04—Class map

  • Other values are undefined

FW_EVENT_LEVEL_ID

33,004

4

Defines the identifier for the FW_EVENT_LEVEL field

  • If FW_EVENT_LEVEL is 0x02 (VRF), this field represents VRF_ID.

  • If FW_EVENT_LEVEL is 0x03 (zone), this field represents ZONE_ID.

  • If FW_EVENT_LEVEL is 0x04 (class map), this field represents CLASS_ID.

  • In all other cases the field ID will be 0 (zero). If FW_EVENT_LEVEL is not present, the value of this field must be zero.

FW_CONFIGURED_VALUE

33,005

4

Value that represents the configured half-open, aggressive-aging, and event-rate monitoring limit. The interpretation of this field value depends on the associated FW_EXT_EVENT field.

FW_ERM_EXT_EVENT

33,006

2

Extended event-rate monitoring code

FW_ERM_EXT_EVENT_DESC

33,007

N (string)

Extended event-rate monitoring event description string

1 Internet Control Message Protocol
2 Simple Network Management Protocol
3 virtual routing and forwarding
4 Coordinated Universal Time
5 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

HSL Messages

The following are sample syslog messages from an Cisco ASR 1000 Series Aggregation Services Router:

Table 2 Syslog Messages and Their Templates

Message Identifier

Message Description

HSL Template

FW-6-DROP_PKT

Type: Info

Dropping %s pkt from %s %CA:%u => %CA:%u (target:class)-(%s:%s) %s %s with ip ident %u %s %s

Explanation: Packet dropped by firewall inspection.

%s: tcp/udp/icmp/unknown prot/L7 prot

%s:interface

%CA:%u ip/ip6 addr: port

%s:%s: zone pair name/ class name

%s "due to"

%s: fw_ext_event name

%u ip ident

%s: if tcp, tcp seq/ack number and tcp flags

%s: username

FW_TEMPLATE_DROP_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_DROP_V6

FW-6-SESS_AUDIT_TRAIL_START

Type: Info

(target:class)-(%s:%s):Start %s session: initiator (%CA:%u) -- responder (%CA:%u) from %s %s %s

Explanation: Start of an inspection session. This message is issued at the start of each inspection session and it records the source/destination addresses and ports.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%s: l4/l7 protocolname

%CA:%u ip/ip6 addr: port

%s : interface

%s : username

%s : TODO

Actual log:

*Jan 21 20:13:01.078: %IOSXE-6-PLATFORM: F0: cpp_cp: CPP:00 Thread:125 TS:00000010570290947309 %FW-6-SESS_AUDIT_TRAIL_START: Start tcp session: initiator (10.1.1.1:43365) -- responder (10.3.21.1:23) from FastEthernet0/1/0

FW_TEMPLATE_START_AUDIT_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_START_AUDIT_V6

FW-6-SESS_AUDIT_TRAIL

Type: Info

(target:class)-(%s:%s):Stop %s session: initiator (%CA:%u) sent %u bytes -- responder (%CA:%u) sent %u bytes , from %s %s

Explanation: Per-session transaction log of network activities. This message is issued at the end of each inspection session, and it records the source/destination addresses and ports, and the number of bytes transmitted by the client and the server.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%s: l4/l7 protocolname

%CA:%u ip/ip6 addr: port

%u bytes counters

%s: interface

%s : TODO

Actual log:

*Jan 21 20:13:15.889: %IOSXE-6-PLATFORM: F0: cpp_cp: CPP:00 Thread:036 TS:00000010585102587819 %FW-6-SESS_AUDIT_TRAIL: Stop tcp session: initiator (10.1.1.1:43365) sent 35 bytes -- responder (11.1.1.1:23) sent 95 bytes, from FastEthernet0/1/0

FW_TEMPLATE_STOP_AUDIT_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_STOP_AUDIT_V6

FW-4-UNBLOCK_HOST

Type: Warning

(target:class)-(%s:%s):New TCP connections to host %CA no longer blocked

Explanation: New TCP connection attempts to the specified host are no longer blocked. This message indicates that the blocking of new TCP connection attempts to the specified host has been removed.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%CA: ip/ip6 addr

FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_TCP_HALF_OPEN_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_TCP_HALF_OPEN_V6 with fw_ext_event id: FW_EXT_ALERT_UNBLOCK_HOST

FW-4-HOST_TCP_ALERT_ON

Type: Warning

"(target:class)-(%s:%s):Max tcp half-open connections (%u) exceeded for host %CA.

Explanation: Exceeded the max-incomplete host limit for half-open TCP connections. This message indicates that a high number of half-open connections is coming to a protected server, and this may indicate that a SYN flood attack is in progress.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%u: half open cnt

%CA: ip/ip6 addr

FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_TCP_HALF_OPEN_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_TCP_HALF_OPEN_V6 with fw_ext_event id: FW_EXT_ALERT_HOST_TCP_ALERT_ON

FW-2- BLOCK_HOST

Type: Critical

(target:class)-(%s:%s):Blocking new TCP connections to host %CA for %u minute%s (half-open count %u exceeded).

Explanation: Exceeded the max-incomplete host threshold for TCP connections. Any subsequent new TCP connection attempts to the specified host is denied, and the blocking option is configured to block all subsequent new connections. The blocking will be removed when the configured block time expires.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%CA: ip/ip6 addr

%u blackout min

%s: s if > 1 min blackout time

%u: half open counter

FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_TCP_HALF_OPEN_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_TCP_HALF_OPEN_V6 with fw_ext_event id: FW_EXT_ALERT_BLOCK_HOST

FW-4-ALERT_ON

Type: Warning

(target:class)-(%s:%s):%s, count (%u/%u) current rate: %u

Explanation : Either the max-incomplete high threshold of half-open connections or the new connection initiation rate has been exceeded. This error message indicates that an unusually high rate of new connections is coming through the firewall, and a DOS attack may be in progress. This message is issued only when the max-incomplete high threshold is crossed.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%s: "getting aggressive"

%u/%u halfopen cnt/high

%u: current rate

FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_HALFOPEN_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_HALFOPEN_V6: with fw_ext_event id FW_EXT_SESS_RATE_ALERT_ON

FW-4-ALERT_OFF

Type: Warning

(target:class)-(%s:%s):%s, count (%u/%u) current rate: %u

Explanation: Either the number of half-open connections or the new connection initiation rate has gone below the max-incomplete low threshold. This message indicates that the rate of incoming new connections has slowed down and new connections are issued only when the max-incomplete low threshold is crossed.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%s: "calming down"

%u/%u halfopen cnt/high

%u: current rate

FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_HALFOPEN_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_HALFOPEN_V6: with fw_ext_event id FW_EXT_SESS_RATE_ALERT_OFF

FW-4-SESSIONS_MAXIMUM

Type: Warning

Number of sessions for the firewall policy on "(target:class)-(%s:%s) exceeds the configured sessions maximum value %u

Explanation: The number of established sessions have crossed the configured sessions maximum limit.

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%u: max session

FW_TEMPLATE_ALERT_MAX_SESSION

FW-6-PASS_PKT

Type: Info

Passing %s pkt from %s %CA:%u => %CA:%u (target:class)-(%s:%s) %s %s with ip ident %u

Explanation: Packet is passed by firewall inspection.

%s: tcp/udp/icmp/unknown prot

%s:interface

%CA:%u src ip/ip6 addr: port

%CA:%u dst ip/ip6 addr: port

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%s %s: "due to", "PASS action found in policy-map"

%u: ip ident

FW_TEMPLATE_PASS_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_PASS_V6

FW-6-LOG_SUMMARY

Type: Info

%u packet%s %s from %s %CA:%u => %CA:%u (target:class)-(%s:%s) %s

Explanation : Log summary for the number of packets dropped/passed

%u %s: pkt_cnt, "s were" or "was"

%s: "dropped"/ "passed"

%s: interface

%CA:%u src ip/ip6 addr: port

%CA:%u dst ip/ip6 addr: port

%s:%s: zonepair name: class name

%s: username

FW_TEMPLATE_SUMMARY_V4 or FW_TEMPLATE_SUMMARY_V6 with FW_EVENT: 3 - drop 4 - pass

Firewall Extended Events

The event name of the firewall extended event maps the firewall extended event value to an event ID. Use the event name option record to obtain the mapping between an event value and an event ID.

Extended events are not part of standard firewall events (inspect, pass, or drop).

The following table describes the firewall extended events applicable prior to Cisco IOS XE Release 3.9S.

Table 3 Firewall Extended Events and Event Descriptions for Releases earlier than Cisco IOS XE Release 3.9S

Value

Event ID

Description

0

FW_EXT_LOG_NONE

No specific extended event.

1

FW_EXT_ALERT_UNBLOCK_HOST

New TCP connection attempts to the specified host are no longer blocked.

2

FW_EXT_ALERT_HOST_TCP_ALERT_ON

Maximum incomplete host limit for half-open TCP connections are exceeded.

3

FW_EXT_ALERT_BLOCK_HOST

All subsequent new TCP connection attempts to the specified host are denied because the maximum incomplete host threshold of half-open TCP connections is exceeded, and the blocking option is configured to block subsequent new connections.

4

FW_EXT_SESS_RATE_ALERT_ON

Maximum incomplete high threshold of half-open connections is exceeded, or the new connection initiation rate is exceeded.

5

FW_EXT_SESS_RATE_ALERT_OFF

Number of half-open TCP connections is below the maximum incomplete low threshold, or the new connection initiation rate has gone below the maximum incomplete low threshold.

6

FW_EXT_RESET

Reset connection.

7

FW_EXT_DROP

Drop connection.

10

FW_EXT_L4_NO_NEW_SESSION

No new session is allowed.

12

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_SEG

Invalid TCP segment.

13

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_SEQ

Invalid TCP sequence number.

14

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_ACK

Invalid TCP acknowledgment (ACK).

15

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_FLAGS

Invalid TCP flags.

16

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_CHKSM

Invalid TCP checksum.

18

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_WINDOW_SCALE

Invalid TCP window scale.

19

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_TCP_OPTIONS

Invalid TCP options.

20

FW_EXT_L4_INVALID_HDR

Invalid Layer 4 header.

21

FW_EXT_L4_OOO_INVALID_SEG

OoO 6 invalid segment.

24

FW_EXT_L4_SYNFLOOD_DROP

Synchronized (SYN) flood packets are dropped.

25

FW_EXT_L4_SCB_CLOSED

Session is closed while receiving packets.

26

FW_EXT_L4_INTERNAL_ERR

Firewall internal error.

27

FW_EXT_L4_OOO_SEG

OoO segment.

28

FW_EXT_L4_RETRANS_INVALID_FLAGS

Invalid retransmitted packet.

29

FW_EXT_L4_SYN_IN_WIN

Invalid SYN flag.

30

FW_EXT_L4_RST_IN_WIN

Invalid reset (RST) flag.

31

FW_EXT_L4_STRAY_SEG

Stray TCP segment.

32

FW_EXT_L4_RST_TO_RESP

Sending reset message to the responder.

33

FW_EXT_L4_CLOSE_SCB

Closing a session.

34

FW_EXT_L4_ICMP_INVAL_RET

Invalid ICMP 7 packet.

37

FW_EXT_L4_MAX_HALFSESSION

Maximum half-open session limit is exceeded.

38

FW_EXT_NO_RESOURCE

Resources (memory) are not available.

40

FW_EXT_INVALID_ZONE

Invalid zone.

41

FW_EXT_NO_ZONE_PAIR

Zone pairs are not available.

42

FW_EXT_NO_TRAFFIC_ALLOWED

Traffic is not allowed.

43

FW_EXT_FRAGMENT

Packet fragments are dropped.

44

FW_EXT_PAM_DROP

PAM 8 action is dropped.

45

FW_EXT_NOT_INITIATOR

Not a session-initiating packet.

Occurs due to one of the following reasons:

  • If the protocol is TCP, the first packet is not a SYN packet.

  • If the protocol is ICMP, the first packet is not an ECHO or a TIMESTAMP packet.

48

FW_EXT_ICMP_ERROR_PKTS_BURST

ICMP error packets came in burst mode. In burst mode, packets are sent repeatedly without waiting for a response from the responder interface.

49

FW_EXT_ICMP_ERROR_MULTIPLE_UNREACH

More than one ICMP error of type “destination unreachable” is received.

50

FW_EXT_ICMP_ERROR_L4_INVALID_SEQ

Embedded packet in the ICMP error message has an invalid sequence number.

51

FW_EXT_ICMP_ERROR_L4_INVALID_ACK

Embedded packet in the ICMP error message has an invalid acknowledge (ACK) number.

52

FW_EXT_MAX

Never used.
6 Out-of-Order
7 Internet Control Message Protocol
8 Port-to-Application Mapping
The following table describes the firewall extended events from that are applicable to Cisco IOS XE Release 3.9S and later releases.
Table 4 Firewall Extended Events and Event Descriptions for Cisco IOS XE Release 3.9S and Later Releases

Value

Event ID

Description

0

FW_EXT_LOG_NONE

No specific extended event.

1

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID_HDR

Small datagram that cannot contain the Layer 4 ICMP, TCP, or UDP headers.

2

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID_ACK_FLAG

Did not contain an ACK flag, or a RST flag was set in the SYN/ACK packet during the TCP three-way handshake and the packet had an invalid sequence number.

3

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID_ACK_NUM
Occurs due to one of the following reasons:

  • When a packet’s ACK value is less than the connection’s oldest unacknowledged sequence number.

  • When a packet’s ACK value is greater than the connection’s next sequence number.

  • For SYN/ACK or ACK packets received during the three-way handshake, the sequence number is not equal to the initial sequence number plus 1.

4

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID _TCP_INITIATOR

The first packet of a flow was not a SYN packet.

5

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_SYN _WITH_DATA

The SYN packet contains the payload and these SYN packet is not supported.

6

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALI D_TCP_WIN_SCALE_OPTION

Invalid length for the TCP window-scale option.

7

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID _SEG_SYNSENT_STATE

An invalid TCP segment was received in the SYNSENT state.

Occurs due to one of the following reasons:

  • SYN/ACK has a payload.

  • SYN/ACK has other flags (push [PSH], urgent [URG], finish [FIN]) set.

  • Retransmit SYN message with a payload or invalid TCP flags (ACK, PSH, URG, FIN, RST) was received.

  • A non-SYN packet was received from the initiator.

8

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID _SEG_SYNRCVD_STATE

A retransmitted SYN packet contains a payload or received a packet from the responder.

9

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID _SEG_PKT_TOO_OLD

Packet is older (lesser than) than the receiver’s current TCP window.

10

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID _SEG_PKT_WIN_OVERFLOW

The sequence number of the packet is outside (greater than) the receiver’s TCP window.

11

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID _SEG_PYLD_AFTER_FIN_SEND

A packet containing a payload was received from the sender after a FIN message was received.

12

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID _FLAGS
TCP flags associated with the packet are not valid. This may occur for the following reasons:
  • Extra flags along with the SYN flag, are set in the initial packet. Only the SYN flag is allowed in the initial packet.

  • Expected SYN/ACK did not contain a SYN flag, or the SYN/ACK contained extraneous flags in the second packet of the three-way handshake.

13

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INVALID_SEQ

Invalid sequence number.

Occurs due to one of the following reasons:

  • The sequence number is less than the ISN 9.

  • The sequence number is equal to the ISN but not equal to a SYN packet.

  • If the receive window size is zero and the packet contains data, or if the sequence number is greater than the last ACK number.

  • Sequence number falls beyond the TCP window.

14

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_RETRANS _INVALID_FLAGS

A retransmitted packet was already acknowledged by the receiver.

15

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_L7_OOO _SEG

The packet contains a TCP segment that arrived prior to the expected next segment.

16

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_SYN _FLOOD_DROP

Maximum-incomplete sessions configured for the policy have been exceeded and the host is in block time.

17

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_MAX _HALFSESSION

Exceeded the number of allowed half-open sessions.

18

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ TOO_MANY_PKTS

Exceeded the maximum number of simultaneous inspectable packets allowed per flow. The number is currently set to allow 25 simultaneous packets to be inspected. The simultaneous inspection prevents any one flow from monopolizing more than its share of processor resources.

19

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_TOO _MANY_ICMP_ERR_PKTS

Exceeded the maximum number of ICMP error packets allowed per flow. This log is triggered by the firewall base inspection.

20

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_UNEXPECT _TCP_PYLD

Retransmitted SYN/ACK from the responder included a payload. Payloads are not allowed during a TCP three-way handshake negotiation.

21

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INTERNAL _ERR_UNDEFINED_DIR

Packet direction is undefined.

22

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_SYN _IN_WIN

A TCP packet of an established session arrived with the SYN flag set. A SYN flag is not allowed after the initial two packets of the three-way handshake.

23

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_RST _IN_WIN

A TCP packet with the RST flag set was received with a sequence number that is outside the last received acknowledgment. The packet may be sent out of order.

24

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ STRAY_SEG

An unexpected packet was received after the flow was torn down, or a packet was received from the responder before the initiator sent a valid SYN flag.

25

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ RST_TO_RESP

A SYN/ACK flag was expected from the responder. However, a packet with an invalid sequence number was received. The zone-based firewall sent a RST flag to the responder.

26

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE _I NTERNAL_ERR_ICMP_NO_NAT

The ICMP packet is NAT 10 translated; but internal NAT information is missing. An internal error.

27

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE _ INTERNAL_ERR_ICMP_ALLOC_FAIL

Failed to allocate an ICMP error packet during an ICMP inspection.

28

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE _INTERNAL_ERR_ICMP_GET_STAT_BLK_FAIL

The classification result did not have the required statistics memory. The policy information was not properly downloaded to the data plane.

29

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE _INTERNAL_ERR_ICMP_DIR_NOT_IDENTIFIED

Packet direction is not defined.

30

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_SCB_CLOSE

Received an ICMP packet while the session is being torn down.

31

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_PKT_NO_IP_HDR

No IP header in the payload of the ICMP error packet.

32

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_ERROR_NO _IP_NO_ICMP

The ICMP error packet has no IP or ICMP, which is probably due to a malformed packet.

33

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_ERROR _PKTS_BURST

The ICMP error packet exceeded the burst limit of 10

34

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_ERROR _MULTIPLE_UNREACH

The ICMP error packet exceeded the “Unreachable” limit. Only the first unreachable packet is allowed to pass.

35

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_ERROR _L4_INVALID_SEQ

The sequence number of the embedded packet does not match the sequence number of the TCP packet that triggers the ICMP error packet.

36

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_ERROR _L4_INVALID_ACK

The TCP packet contained in an ICMP error packet payload has an ACK flag that was not seen before.

37

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ ICMP_PKT_TOO _SHORT

The ICMP error packet length is less than the IP header length plus the ICMP header length.

38

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ SESSION_LIMIT

Resources exceeded the session limit while promoting for an imprecise channel.

39

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ SCB_CLOSE

A TCP packet was received on a closed session.

40

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_INSP_TYPE_ POLICY_NOT_PRESENT

A policy is not present in a zone pair.

41

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_INSP_TYPE_ SESS_MISS_POLICY _NOT_PRESENT

A zone pair is configured in the same zone, but the zone does not have any policies.

44

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_INSP_TYPE_ CLASS_ACTION_DROP

The classification action is to drop the non-ICMP, TCP, and UDP packets.

45

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_INSP_TYPE_ PAM_LOOKUP_FAIL

The classification action is to drop the PAM entry.

48

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_INSP_TYPE_ INTERNAL_ERR_ GET_STAT_BLK_FAIL

Failed to get the statistic block from the classification result bytes.

49

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_SYNCOOKIE_ TYPE_SYNCOOKIE _MAX_DST

The maximum entry limit for SYN flood packets is reached.

50

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_SYNCOOKIE_ TYPE_INTERNAL _ERR_ALLOC_FAIL

Cannot allocate memory for the destination table entry.

51

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_SYNCOOKIE_ TYPE_SYN_COOKIE _TRIGGER

The SYN cookie logic is triggered. Indicates that the SYN/ACK with the SYN cookie was sent and the original SYN packet was dropped.

52

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_POLICY_ TYPE_FRAG_DROP

The first fragment of a VFR 11 packet is dropped and all associated remaining fragments will be dropped.

53

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_POLICY_ TYPE_ACTION_DROP

The classification action is to drop the packet.

54

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_POLICY_ TYPE_ICMP_ACTION_DROP

The policy action of the ICMP embedded packet is DROP.

55

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L7_TYPE_ NO_SEG

Layer 7 ALG 12 does not inspect inspect-segmented packets.

56

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L7_TYPE_ NO_FRAG

Layer 7 ALG does not inspect fragmented packets.

57

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L7_TYPE_ UNKNOWN_PROTO

Unknown application protocol type.

58

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L7_TYPE_ ALG_RET_DROP

Layer 7 ALG inspection resulted in a packet drop.

59

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_NONSESSION _TYPE

Session creation has failed.

60

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_NO_NEW _SESSION_TYPE

During initial HA 13 states, a new session is not allowed.

61

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_NOT_ INITIATOR_TYPE

Not a session initiator packet.

62

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_INVALID _ZONE_TYPE

When default zones are not enabled, traffic is only allowed between interfaces that are associated with security zones.

64

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_NO_ FORWARDING_TYPE

The firewall is not configured.

65

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_ BACKPRESSURE_TYPE

The firewall backpressure can be enabled if HSL 14 is enabled, and the HSL logger was unable to send a log message. Backpressure will remain enabled until HSL is able to send a log.

66

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_INTERNAL _ERR _SYNFLOOD_ALLOC_HOSTDB_FAIL

During SYN processing, host rate limits are tracked. The host entry could not be allocated.

67

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ SYNFLOOD_BLACKOUT_DROP

If the configured half-open connection limit is exceeded and blackout time is configured, all new connections to the specified IP address are dropped.

68

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L7_TYPE_ PROMOTE_FAIL_NO_ZONE_PAIR

A failed policy. When an ALG attempts to promote a session because no zone pairs are configured, the policy fails.

69

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L7_TYPE_ PROMOTE_FAIL_NO_POLICY

A failed policy. When an ALG attempts to promote a session due to no policy, the policy fails.
 

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ONEFW _SCB_CLOSE

A packet is received after the Context-Aware firewall (CXSC) requested a teardown.
 

FW_EXT_FW_DROP_L4_TYPE_ONEFW _FAIL_CLOSE

CXSC is not running.
9 initial sequence number
10 Network Address Translation
11 virtual fragmentation and reassembly
12 application layer gateway
13 high availability
14 high-speed logging

How to Configure Firewall High-Speed Logging

Enabling High-Speed Logging for Global Parameter Maps

By default, high-speed logging (HSL) is not enabled and firewall logs are sent to a logger buffer located in the Route Processor (RP) or the console. When HSL is enabled, logs are sent to an off-box, high-speed log collector. Parameter maps provide a means of performing actions on the traffic that reaches a firewall and a global parameter map applies to the entire firewall session table. Perform this task to enable high-speed logging for global parameter maps.

SUMMARY STEPS

    1.    enable

    2.    configure terminal

    3.    parameter-map type inspect global

    4.    log dropped-packets

    5.    log flow-export v9 udp destination ip-address port-number

    6.    log flow-export template timeout-rate seconds

    7.    end


DETAILED STEPS
     Command or ActionPurpose
    Step 1enable


    Example: 
    Device> enable
     
    Enables privileged EXEC mode.

    • Enter your password if prompted.

     
    Step 2configure terminal


    Example: 
    Device# configure terminal
     

    Enters global configuration mode.

     
    Step 3parameter-map type inspect global


    Example: 
    Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
     

    Configures a global parameter map and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

     
    Step 4log dropped-packets


    Example: 
    Device(config-profile)# log dropped-packets
     

    Enables dropped-packet logging.

     
    Step 5log flow-export v9 udp destination ip-address port-number


    Example: 
    Device(config-profile)# log flow-export v9 udp destination 10.0.2.0 5000
     

    Enables NetFlow event logging and provides the IP address and the port number of the log collector.

     
    Step 6log flow-export template timeout-rate seconds


    Example: 
    Device(config-profile) log flow-export template timeout-rate 5000
     

    Specifies the template timeout value.

     
    Step 7end


    Example: 
    Device(config-profile)# end
     

    Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and returns to privileged EXEC mode.

     

    Enabling High-Speed Logging for Firewall Actions

    Perform this task enable high-speed logging if you have configured inspect-type parameter maps. Parameter maps specify inspection behavior for the firewall and inspection parameter-maps for the firewall are configured as the inspect type.

    SUMMARY STEPS

      1.    enable

      2.    configure terminal

      3.    parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name

      4.    audit-trail on

      5.    alert on

      6.    one-minute {low number-of-connections | high number-of-connections}

      7.    tcp max-incomplete host threshold

      8.    exit

      9.    policy-map type inspect policy-map-name

      10.    class type inspect class-map-name

      11.    inspect parameter-map-name

      12.    end


    DETAILED STEPS
       Command or ActionPurpose
      Step 1 enable


      Example:
      Device> enable
       
      Enables privileged EXEC mode.

      • Enter your password if prompted.

       
      Step 2 configure terminal


      Example:
      Device# configure terminal
       

      Enters global configuration mode.

       
      Step 3 parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-name


      Example:
      Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-hsl
       

      Configures an inspect parameter map for connecting thresholds, timeouts, and other parameters pertaining to the inspect keyword, and enters parameter-map type inspect configuration mode.

       
      Step 4 audit-trail on


      Example:
      Device(config-profile)# audit-trail on
       
      Enables audit trail messages.

      • You can enable audit-trail to a parameter map to record the start, stop, and duration of a connection or session, and the source and destination IP addresses.

       
      Step 5 alert on


      Example:
      Device(config-profile)# alert on
       

      Enables stateful-packet inspection alert messages that are displayed on the console.

       
      Step 6 one-minute {low number-of-connections | high number-of-connections}


      Example:
      Device(config-profile)# one-minute high 10000
       

      Defines the number of new unestablished sessions that cause the system to start deleting half-open sessions and stop deleting half-open sessions.

       
      Step 7 tcp max-incomplete host threshold


      Example:
      Device(config-profile)# tcp max-incomplete host 100
       

      Specifies the threshold and blocking time values for TCP host-specific, denial of service (DoS) detection and prevention.

       
      Step 8 exit


      Example:
      Device(config-profile)# exit
       

      Exits parameter-map type inspect configuration mode and returns to global configuration mode.

       
      Step 9 policy-map type inspect policy-map-name


      Example:
      Device(config)# policy-map type inspect policy-map-hsl
       

      Creates an inspect-type policy map and enters policy map configuration mode.

       
      Step 10 class type inspect class-map-name


      Example:
      Device(config-pmap)# class type inspect class-map-tcp
       

      Specifies the traffic class on which an action is to be performed and enters policy-map class configuration mode.

       
      Step 11 inspect parameter-map-name


      Example:
      Device(config-pmap-c)# inspect parameter-map-hsl
       

      (Optional) Enables stateful packet inspection.

       
      Step 12 end


      Example:
      Device(config-pmap-c)# end
       

      Exits policy-map class configuration mode and returns to privileged EXEC mode.

       

      Configuration Examples for Firewall High-Speed Logging

      Example: Enabling High-Speed Logging for Global Parameter Maps

      The following example shows how to enable logging of dropped packets, and to log error messages in NetFlow Version 9 format to an external IP address: 

      Device# configure terminal
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect global
Device(config-profile)# log dropped-packets
Device(config-profile)# log flow-export v9 udp destination 10.0.2.0 5000
Device(config-profile)# log flow-export template timeout-rate 5000
Device(config-profile)# end

      Example: Enabling High-Speed Logging for Firewall Actions

      The following example shows how to configure high-speed logging (HSL) for inspect-type parameter-map parameter-map-hsl. 

      Device# configure terminal
Device(config)# parameter-map type inspect parameter-map-hsl
Device(config-profile)# audit trail on
Device(config-profile)# alert on
Device(config-profile)# one-minute high 10000
Device(config-profile)# tcp max-incomplete host 100
Device(config-profile)# exit
Device(config)# poliy-map type inspect policy-map-hsl
Device(config-pmap)# class type inspect class-map-tcp
Device(config-pmap-c)# inspect parameter-map-hsl
Device(config-pmap-c)# end

      Additional References for Firewall High-Speed Logging

      Related Documents

      Related Topic

      Document Title

      Cisco IOS commands

      Cisco IOS Master Commands List, All Releases

      Security commands

      Technical Assistance

      Description

      Link

      The Cisco Support and Documentation website provides online resources to download documentation, software, and tools. Use these resources to install and configure the software and to troubleshoot and resolve technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. Access to most tools on the Cisco Support and Documentation website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password.

      http:/​/​www.cisco.com/​cisco/​web/​support/​index.html

      Feature Information for Firewall High-Speed Logging

      The following table provides release information about the feature or features described in this module. This table lists only the software release that introduced support for a given feature in a given software release train. Unless noted otherwise, subsequent releases of that software release train also support that feature.

      Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to www.cisco.com/​go/​cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
      Table 5 Feature Information for Firewall High-Speed Logging

      Feature Name

      Releases

      Feature Information

      Firewall High-Speed Logging

      Cisco IOS XE Release 2.1

      The Firewall High-Speed Logging Support feature introduces support for the firewall HSL using NetFlow Version 9 as the export format.

      The following commands were introduced or modified: log dropped-packet, log flow-export v9 udp destination, log flow-export template timeout-rate, parameter-map type inspect global.