BGP peer templates allow you to create blocks of common configurations that you can reuse across similar BGP peers. Each block allows you to define a set of attributes that a peer then inherits. You can choose to override some of the inherited attributes as well, making it a very flexible scheme for simplifying the repetitive nature of BGP configurations.

Cisco NX-OS implements three types of peer templates:

• The peer-session template defines BGP peer session attributes, such as the transport details, remote autonomous system number of the peer, and session timers. A peer-session template can also inherit attributes from another peer-session template (with locally defined attributes that override the attributes from an inherited peer-session).

• A peer-policy template defines the address-family dependent policy aspects for a peer including the inbound and outbound policy, filter-lists, and prefix-lists. A peer-policy template can inherit from a set of peer-policy templates. Cisco NX-OS evaluates these peer-policy templates in the order specified by the preference value in the inherit configuration. The lowest number is preferred over higher numbers.

• The peer template can inherit the peer-session and peer-policy templates to allow for simplified peer definitions. It is not mandatory to use a peer template but it can simplify the BGP configuration by providing reusable blocks of configuration.

You can configure authentication for a BGP neighbor session. This authentication method adds an MD5 authentication digest to each TCP segment sent to the neighbor to protect BGP against unauthorized messages and TCP security attacks.

Note	The MD5 password must be identical between BGP peers.

You can associate a route policy to a BGP peer. Route policies use route maps to control or modify the routes that BGP recognizes. You can configure a route policy for inbound or outbound route updates. The route policies can match on different criteria, such as a prefix or AS_path attribute, and selectively accept or deny the routes. Route policies can also modify the path attributes.

When you change a route policy applied to a BGP peer, you must reset the BGP sessions for that peer. Cisco NX-OS supports the following three mechanisms to reset BGP peering sessions:

• Hard reset—A hard reset tears down the specified peering sessions, including the TCP connection, and deletes routes coming from the specified peer. This option interrupts packet flow through the BGP network. Hard reset is disabled by default.

• Soft reconfiguration inbound—A soft reconfiguration inbound triggers routing updates for the specified peer without resetting the session. You can use this option if you change an inbound route policy. Soft reconfiguration inbound saves a copy of all routes received from the peer before processing the routes through the inbound route policy. If you change the inbound route policy, Cisco NX-OS passes these stored routes through the modified inbound route policy to update the route table without tearing down existing peering sessions. Soft reconfiguration inbound can use significant memory resources to store the unfiltered BGP routes. Soft reconfiguration inbound is disabled by default.

• Route Refresh—A route refresh updates the inbound routing tables dynamically by sending route refresh requests to supporting peers when you change an inbound route policy. The remote BGP peer responds with a new copy of its routes that the local BGP speaker processes with the modified route policy. Cisco NX-OS automatically sends an outbound route refresh of prefixes to the peer.

• BGP peers advertise the route refresh capability as part of the BGP capability negotiation when establishing the BGP peer session. Route refresh is the preferred option and enabled by default.

Note	BGP also uses route maps for route redistribution, route aggregation, route dampening, and other features.

External BGP (eBGP) allows you to connect BGP peers from different autonomous systems to exchange routing updates. Connecting to external networks enables traffic from your network to be forwarded to other networks and across the Internet.

You should use loopback interfaces for establishing eBGP peering sessions because loopback interfaces are less susceptible to interface flapping. An interface flap occurs when the interface is administratively brought up or down because of a failure or maintenance issue. See the Configuring eBGP section for information on multihop, fast external failovers, and limiting the size of the AS-path attribute

nternal BGP (iBGP) allows you to connect BGP peers within the same autonomous system. You can use iBGP for multihomed BGP networks (networks that have more than one connection to the same external autonomous system).

The following figure shows an iBGP network within a larger BGP network.

iBGP networks are fully meshed. Each iBGP peer has a direct connection to all other iBGP peers to prevent network loops.

Note	You should configure a separate interior gateway protocol in the iBGP network.

A BGP speaker can learn about BGP extensions supported by a peer by using the capabilities negotiation feature. Capabilities negotiation allows BGP to use only the set of features supported by both BGP peers on a link.

If a BGP peer does not support capabilities negotiation, Cisco NX-OS will attempt a new session to the peer without capabilities negotiation if you have configured the address family as IPv4.

Route dampening is a BGP feature that minimizes the propagation of flapping routes across an internetwork. A route flaps when it alternates between the available and unavailable states in rapid succession.

For example, consider a network with three BGP autonomous systems: AS1, AS2, and AS3. Suppose that a route in AS1 flaps (it becomes unavailable). Without route dampening, AS1 sends a withdraw message to AS2. AS2 propagates the withdrawal message to AS3. When the flapping route reappears, AS1 sends an advertisement message to AS2, which sends the advertisement to AS3. If the route repeatedly becomes unavailable, and then available, AS1 sends many withdrawal and advertisement messages that propagate through the other autonomous systems.

Route dampening can minimize flapping. Suppose that the route flaps. AS2 (in which route dampening is enabled) assigns the route a penalty of 1000. AS2 continues to advertise the status of the route to neighbors. Each time that the route flaps, AS2 adds to the penalty value. When the route flaps so often that the penalty exceeds a configurable suppression limit, AS2 stops advertising the route, regardless of how many times that it flaps. The route is now dampened.

The penalty placed on the route decays until the reuse limit is reached. At that time, AS2 advertises the route again. When the reuse limit is at 50 percent, AS2 removes the dampening information for the route.

Note	The router does not apply a penalty to a resetting BGP peer when route dampening is enabled, even though the peer reset withdraws the route.

BGP can install multiple equal-cost eBGP or iBGP paths into the routing table to reach the same destination prefix. Traffic to the destination prefix is then shared across all the installed paths.

The BGP best-path algorithm considers the paths as equal-cost paths if the following attributes are identical:

• Weight

• Local preference

• AS_path

• Origin code

• Multi-exit discriminator (MED)

• IGP cost to the BGP next hop

BGP selects only one of these multiple paths as the best path and advertises the path to the BGP peers.

Note	Paths received from different AS confederations are considered as equal-cost paths if the external AS_path values and the other attributes are identical.

Note	When you configure a route reflector for iBGP multipath, and the route reflector advertises the selected best path to its peers, the next hop for the path is not modified.

You can configure aggregate addresses. Route aggregation simplifies route tables by replacing a number of more specific addresses with an address that represents all the specific addresses. For example, you can replace these three more specific addresses, 10.1.1.0/24, 10.1.2.0/24, and 10.1.3.0/24 with one aggregate address, 10.1.0.0/16.

Aggregate prefixes are present in the BGP route table so that fewer routes are advertised.

Note	Cisco NX-OS does not support automatic route aggregation.

Route aggregation can lead to forwarding loops. To avoid this problem, when BGP generates an advertisement for an aggregate address, it automatically installs a summary discard route for that aggregate address in the local routing table. BGP sets the administrative distance of the summary discard to 220 and sets the route type to discard. BGP does not use discard routes for next-hop resolution.

BGP conditional advertisement allows you to configure BGP to advertise or withdraw a route based on whether or not a prefix exists in the BGP table. This feature is useful, for example, in multihomed networks, in which you want BGP to advertise some prefixes to one of the providers only if information from the other provider is not present.

Consider an example network with three BGP autonomous systems: AS1, AS2, and AS3, where AS1 and AS3 connect to the Internet and to AS2. Without conditional advertisement, AS2 propagates all routes to both AS1 and AS3. With conditional advertisement, you can configure AS2 to advertise certain routes to AS3 only if routes from AS1 do not exist (if for example, the link to AS1 fails).

BGP conditional advertisement adds an exist or not-exist test to each route that matches the configured route map. See the Configuring BGP Conditional Advertisement section for more information.

BGP monitors the next-hop address of installed routes to verify next-hop reachability and to select, install, and validate the BGP best path. BGP next-hop address tracking speeds up this next-hop reachability test by triggering the verification process when routes change in the RIB that may affect BGP next-hop reachability.

BGP receives notifications from the RIB when next-hop information changes (event-driven notifications). BGP is notified when any of the following events occurs:

• Next hop becomes unreachable.

• Next hop becomes reachable.

• Fully recursed IGP metric to the next hop changes.

• First hop IP address or first hop interface changes.

• Next hop becomes connected.

• Next hop becomes unconnected.

• Next hop becomes a local address.

• Next hop becomes a nonlocal address.

Note	Reachability and recursed metric events trigger a best-path recalculation.

Event notifications from the RIB are classified as critical and noncritical. Notifications for critical and noncritical events are sent in separate batches. However, a noncritical event is sent with the critical events if the noncritical event is pending and there is a request to read the critical events.

• Critical events are related to the reachability (reachable and unreachable), connectivity (connected and unconnected), and locality (local and nonlocal) of the next hops. Notifications for these events are not delayed.

• Noncritical events include only the IGP metric changes.

See the Configuring BGP Next-Hop Address Tracking section for more information.

You can configure BGP to redistribute static routes or routes from other protocols. You configure a route policy with the redistribution to control which routes are passed into BGP. A route policy allows you to filter routes based on attributes such as the destination, origination protocol, route type, route tag, and so on. See Configuring Route Policy Manager, for more information.

You can modify the default behavior of BGP through BGP timers and by adjusting the best-path algorithm.

BGP on Cisco NX-OS supports multiple address families. Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) carries different sets of routes depending on the address family. For example, BGP can carry one set of routes for IPv4 unicast routing. You can use MP-BGP for reverse-path forwarding (RPF) checks in IP multicast networks.

Note	Because Multicast BGP does not propagate multicast state information, you need a multicast protocol, such as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM).

Use the router address-family and neighbor address-family configuration modes to support multiprotocol BGP configurations. MP-BGP maintains separate RIBs for each configured address family, such as a unicast RIB and a multicast RIB for BGP.

A multiprotocol BGP network is backward compatible but BGP peers that do not support multiprotocol extensions cannot forward routing information, such as address family identifier information, that the multiprotocol extensions carry.

This section includes the following topics:

Beginning with Cisco NX-OS Release 9.3(3), you can configure BGP attribute filtering and error handling to provide an increased level of security. The following features are available and implemented in the following order:

• Path attribute treat-as-withdraw: Allows you to treat-as-withdraw a BGP update from a specific neighbor if the update contains a specified attribute type. The prefixes contained in the update are removed from the routing table.

• Path attribute discard: Allows you to remove specific path attributes in a BGP update from a specific neighbor.

• Enhanced attribute error handling: Prevents peer sessions from flapping due to a malformed update.

Attribute types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, and 16 cannot be configured for path attribute treat-as-withdraw and path attribute discard. Attribute type 9 (Originator) and type 10 (Cluster-id) can be configured for eBGP neighbors only.