Domain Name System (DNS) is a standard that defines a domain naming procedure used in TCP/IP. A domain is a hierarchical separation of the network into groups and subgroups with domain names identifying the structure. The named groups consist of named objects, usually devices like IP hosts, and the subgroups are domains. DNS has three basic functions:

• Name space: This function is a hierarchical space organized from a single root into domains. Each domain can contain device names or more specific information. A special syntax defines valid names and identifies the domain names.
• Name registration: This function is used to enter names into the DNS database. Policies are outlined to resolve conflicts and other issues.
• Name resolution: This function is a distributed client and server name resolution standard. The name servers are software applications that run on a server and contain the resource records (RRs) that describe the names and addresses of those entities in the DNS name space. A name resolver is the interface between the client and the server. The name resolver requests information from the server about a name. A cache can be used by the name resolver to store learned names and addresses.

A DNS server can be a dedicated device or a software process running on a device. The server stores and manages data about domains and responds to requests for name conflict resolutions. In a large DNS implementation, there can be a distributed database over many devices. A server can be a dedicated cache.

To keep track of domain names, IP has defined the concept of a name server, whose job is to hold a cache (or database) of names appended to IP addresses. The cached information is important because the requesting DNS will not need to query for that information again, which is why DNS works well. If a server had to query each time for the same address because it had not saved any data, the queried servers would be flooded and would crash.

A gateway for multiple enterprise customers can be secured by mapping the remote users to a VRF domain. Mapping means obtaining the IP address of the VRF domain for the remote users. By using VRF domain mapping, a remote user can be authenticated by a VRF domain-specific AAA server so that the remote-access traffic can be forwarded within the VRF domain to the servers on the corporate network.

To support traffic for multiple VRF domains, the DNS and the servers used to resolve conflicts must be VRF aware. VRF aware means that a DNS subsystem will query the VRF name cache first, then the VRF domain, and store the returned RRs in a specific VRF name cache. Users are able to configure separate DNS name servers per VRF.

VRF-aware DNS forwards queries to name servers using the VRF table. Because the same IP address can be associated with different DNS servers in different VRF domains, a separate list of name caches for each VRF is maintained. The DNS looks up the specific VRF name cache first, if a table has been specified, before sending a query to the VRF name server. All IP addresses obtained from a VRF-specific name cache are routed using the VRF table.

1.    enable

2.    configure terminal

3.    ip vrf vrf-name

4.    rd route-distinguisher

5.    exit

6.    ip name-server [vrf vrf-name] server-address1 [server-address2...server-address6]

7.    ip domain lookup

1.    enable

2.    configure terminal

3.   Do one of the following:

1.    enable

2.    configure terminal

3.    ip host [vrf vrf-name] name [tcp-port] address1 [address2...address8

1.    enable

2.    show hosts [vrf vrf-name] {all| hostname} [summary]

3.    clear host [vrf vrf-name] {all| hostname}