Note	The terms Policer and Rate Limiter usually refer to the same QoS mechanism. Policer (Policing) will be used throughout this document.

A policer is a device that allows you to define different treatments for packets within the same traffic class depending on whether packets are received above or below a specified rate(s).

In its simplest form, a policer indicates that traffic above a specified rate should be dropped:

policy-map police-all-traffic
  class class-default
    police 1m

Traffic through this class arriving at a rate less than 1 Mbps is considered conforming (adhering to the specified rate). The default action for conforming traffic is to forward packets.

Traffic arriving at a rate exceeding 1 Mbps is considered exceeding the configured rate. The default action for exceeding traffic is to drop packets.

The following definitions are relevant to understanding the sections that follow.

In the previous example, copied below, we used a policer in its most basic form:

policy-map police-all-traffic
  class class-default
    police 1m

Conforming traffic was allowed to pass through the policer (transmitted traffic below 1m) whereas exceeding traffic was dropped. We took immediate action when we recognized that traffic had exceeded the specified rate. However, you may not want to always take immediate action. You might want to defer action rather than immediately drop traffic.

For example, you may decide that traffic above the predetermined rate should only be dropped if the network is congested. If so, you might choose to forward all traffic but mark something in the packet (e.g., DSCP) differently for conforming and exceeding traffic. The decision on whether or not to drop can then be made at the congestion point.

In the following example, we mark rather than drop traffic. We define a traffic class as any traffic arriving with a DSCP value of AF41 and demote traffic exceeding a specified rate to AF42:

policy-map ma
rk-out-of-contract
  class AF41
    police 1m conform-action transmit exceed-action set-dscp-transmit AF42

The conform-action is to transmit traffic (simply forward, default action) arriving at a rate less than or equal to the specified 1 Mbps rate.

The exceed-action for traffic exceeding 1 Mbps is to mark the packet's DSCP value rather than drop traffic.

Transmit and drop represent actions specified for traffic conforming to or exceeding the specified rate. You specify an action with the police command. Supported actions are listed in the following table.

Note	The rules for policer actions are very similar to those for the set command. You can only mark Layer 2 and outer Layer 3 headers.

In the previous section we saw how a policer can be configured to mark some field in the packet. In fact, we can mark multiple fields in the packet.

You can apply multiple actions to traffic within each rate designation, analogous to how you configure multiple set actions within a traffic class. For example, if you know a packet will be transmitted through both a TCP/IP and a Frame Relay environment, you can change the DSCP value of the exceeding or violating packet, and also set the Frame Relay Discard Eligibility (DE) bit from 0 to 1 to indicate lower priority.

When specifying multiple policing actions, observe the following:

• You must enter policy-map class police configuration (config-pmap-c-police) submode.

• You can specify a maximum of four actions simultaneously, one line per action.

• You cannot specify contradictory actions such as conform-action transmit and conform-action drop .

Analogous to the set command, you can either configure multiple actions on the same packet (e.g., marking Layer 2 and Layer 3 fields) or define actions for different traffic types (e.g., marking the DSCP value in IPv4 packets and experimental (EXP) bits in MPLS packets).

In the following example, we cap RTP traffic (rtp-traffic) at 1 Mbps and drop traffic exceeding that rate (exceed-action drop). For conforming traffic, we mark both the COS and DSCP values in IPv4 packets and the COS and EXP bits in MPLS packets:

class rtp-traffic
  police cir 1000000
    conform-action set-cos-transmit 4
    conform-action set-dscp-transmit af41
    conform-action set-mpls-exp-topmost-transmit 4  
    exceed-action drop

All packets in a traffic class count towards the rate seen by that class but actions are applied only to applicable traffic. For example, imagine that IPv4 and MPLS packets are classified into the same traffic class and a policer is configured to mark a specific DSCP value. Both IPv4 and MPLS packets count towards the observed rate, but only IPv4 packets can be marked.

Note	Configuring multiple actions is supported for single and dual-rate policers.

When specifying a rate or burst value, you should know how the policer assesses a packet's length (subsequently referred to as the policing length) when you evaluate conformance to those values. Briefly, a policer includes the Layer 3 datagram Layer 2 header lengths but neither CRC nor inter-packet overhead.

To further illustrate, consider an IP datagram transported over a GigabitEthernet link.

Layer 3 Datagram

First, we encapsulate it in an Ethernet frame, which adds 14 bytes of Layer 2 header and an additional 4 bytes of CRC to each datagram (18 bytes):

Ethernet Overhead

To transmit this frame over the physical medium, Ethernet requires a minimum inter-packet gap equivalent to a transmit time for 12 bytes of data. After the gap, we require seven bytes of preamble followed by a single byte start-of-frame delimiter (SFD) (Ethernet inter-packet overhead = 12 bytes IPG + 7 bytes Preamble + 1 byte SFD = 20 bytes).

So, if you send multiple Ethernet frames sequentially, the per-packet overhead for each Layer 3 datagram is an additional 38 bytes (encapsulation [18 bytes] + Ethernet inter-packet overhead [20 bytes]). For example, if you sent 100 byte IP datagrams at line rate on a GigabitEthernet link, and used the following formula, the expected throughput in packets per second would be:

  Linerate / Bits Per
		  Byte / ( Layer 3 length + Per Packet Overhead) = Packets Per Second

  1 Gbps / 8 / ( 100 + 38 ) = 905, 797 pps

From the policer's perspective, the packet's length is the Layer 3 datagram + Layer 2 header length (14 bytes on a GigabitEthernet interface):

Policing Length

Now consider a 500 Mbps policer configured on a GigabitEthernet interface. As in the previous example, we will send all 100 byte IP datagrams to the policer, resulting in a policing length of 100 byte datagram length + the 14 byte (Ethernet Layer 2 header). According to the following formula, the anticipated throughput would now be:

  Policer Rate / Bits
		  per Byte / (Layer 3 length + Layer 2 header length) = Packets Per Second

  500 Mbps / 8 / (100 + 14) = 548,246 pps

Note	Packets marked as conforming by a 500 Mbps policer will consume considerably more than 500 Mbps of physical bandwidth!

In prior sections, we described what is included by default in policer rate calculations. But what happens when you want to deviate from the default? For example, what if you want to express CIR as the physical bandwidth that would be consumed on a link? For an Ethernet interface you would include the 4 byte CRC and the 20 bytes inter-packet overhead required per packet.

Alternatively, you (a service provider) might want to police customers' traffic at Layer 3 rates. Because datagram length is unchanged as a packet traverses different interface types (or encapsulating protocols), we would not include Layer 2 header length in policer rate calculations.

Note	Any interface that supports QoS policies will support overhead accounting adjustment.

Note	Changing overhead accounting may impact the network. For example, if you use a policer for network admission control, you might need to configure a corresponding shaper on the equipment that connects to that network. The two views of what is included in CIR (shaper and policer) should match.

In the following example we want to include all inter-packet overhead such that a policer will allow up to 50% of the traffic on the physical link to be conforming. By adding 24 bytes per packet (user-defined 24) we address the 4 byte CRC and the 20-byte inter-packet overhead.

policy-map ethernet-physical-example
  class class-default
    police cir percent 50 account user-defined 24

Using the atm keyword of the police account command, you can direct the policer to compensate for ATM cell division and cell padding (ATM cell tax) in rate calculations.

To include cell tax and cover the AAl5 trailer, a router first adds 8 bytes to the policing length. Then, it calculates the number of ATM cells (48 bytes of data carried per 53 byte cell) required to carry the packet and multiplies this number by 53. For example, a 46 byte datagram would require 2 cells and therefore, if cell tax is included, the policing length would be considered "106 bytes."

In the following example, we show a 5 Mbps policer, which must include the cell-tax in its rate calculations:

policy-map include-cell-tax-example
  class class-default
    police cir 5000000 account user-defined 0 atm

The atm in the configuration dictates that we include the cell tax.

If you don't explicitly configure a burst tolerance value (Bc or Be), IOS will configure a default. This default burst tolerance is 250 ms of data based on the appropriate rate. For example, if the CIR is 100 Mbps then 250 mS of this rate would be 100000000/8 x 0.250 = 3125000 bytes.

Bc and Be for a single rate policer are always based on the CIR. The Be for a dual-rate policer is based on the PIR:

Note	When configuring a policer for queue admission control , set Bc to something suitable for applications in that queue (e.g., for a voice application, set Bc to 10 milliseconds or less).

policy-map policer-default
  class af41
    police cir 20000000 pir 40000000 conform-action transmit  exceed-action 
                \ set-dscp-transmit af42 violate-action set-dscp-transmit af43

 show policy-map interface
 GigabitEthernet1/0/0 

  Service-policy input: policer-default

    Class-map: af41 (match-all)  
      0 packets, 0 bytes
      5 minute offered rate 0000 bps, drop rate 0000 bps
      Match:  dscp af41 (34)
      police:
          cir 20000000 bps, bc 625000 bytes           1
          pir 40000000 bps, be 1250000 bytes          2
        conformed 0 packets, 0 bytes; actions:
          transmit 
        exceeded 0 packets, 0 bytes; actions:
          set-dscp-transmit af42
        violated 0 packets, 0 bytes; actions:
          set-dscp-transmit af43
        conformed 0000 bps, exceeded 0000 bps, violated 0000 bps

Note	The dual-rate policer as well as Bc and Be default to 250ms based on the CIR (1) and PIR (2), respectively.

On the Cisco ASR 1000 router platform, policer rate calculations are performed in dedicated hardware.

While hardware assist enables you to scale the number of policers independent of performance impact, it imposes some restrictions on the programmable rate and burst value combinations.

Consider a simple policy with a single-rate, two-color policer:

policy-map hardware-example
  class class-default
    police cir 1m bc 3000

Output from the show policy-map interface command confirms that IOS has accepted the configured CIR and Bc values:

show policy-map interface g1/0/0
 

GigabitEthernet1/0/0

  Service-policy input: hardware-example

    Class-map: class-default (match-any)  
      337 packets, 167152 bytes
      5 minute offered rate 2000 bps, drop rate 0000 bps
      Match: any 
      police:
          cir 1000000 bps, bc 3000 bytes                      *
        conformed 337 packets, 167152 bytes; actions:
          transmit 
        exceeded 0 packets, 0 bytes; actions:
          drop 
        conformed 2000 bps, exceeded 0000 bps

* CIR and Bc configured as expected

If you look at the dataplane, however, you can see the values actually programmed in hardware. Following is the output of the show platform qfp active feature qos interface command, which displays the actual policer values in hardware:

show platform hardware qfp active feature qos interface gig1/0/0


Interface: GigabitEthernet1/0/0, QFP interface: 9

  Direction: Input
    Hierarchy level: 0
    Policy name: hardware-example
      Class name: class-default, Policy name: hardware-example
        Police:
            cir:  1000000 bps,  bc: 3264 bytes               *
            pir: 0 bps,  be: 3008 bytes
            rate mode: Single Rate Mode
            conformed: 19 packets, 9424 bytes; actions: 
              transmit
            exceeded: 0 packets, 0 bytes; actions: 
              drop
            violated: 0 packets, 0 bytes; actions: 
              drop
            color aware: No
            green_qos_group: 0, yellow_qos_group: 0

* Bc as modified for hardware assist

Note	Although we might slightly modify rate and burst parameters to accommodate the hardware assist, the platform always aims to retain the rates and resulting accuracy within 1% of what you request.

The Percentage-based Policing feature enables you to configure traffic policing based on a percentage of the bandwidth available on the interface. Hence, you can use the same policy-map for multiple interface types with differing amounts of bandwidth. Recalculating the bandwidth for each interface or configuring a different policy-map for each type of interface is unnecessary.

Note	If the interface is a shaped-ATM permanent-virtual circuit (PVC), we calculate the total bandwidth as follows: For a variable bit rate (VBR) virtual circuit (VC), the sustained cell rate (SCR) is used. For an available bit rate (ABR) VC, the minimum cell rate (MCR) is used.

You can use percentage-based policers for both CIR and PIR, calculating either from a specified percentage of either the interface bandwidth or parent shaper (if one exists).

With percent-based policing, if you choose to specify burst parameters (Bc and Be), they must be in ms rather than bytes. Given the speed of the target interface, IOS converts the value to bytes in two steps:

1. Using the speed of a target interface, IOS converts percentage to bps CIR

2. With bps CIR and burst in time, burst is converted to bytes.

Let's configure the Bc to 10 ms (relative to the police rate) and the CIR to 10% of the available interface bandwidth:

policy-map police-percent
  class class-default
    police cir percent 10 bc 10 ms

If we apply police-percent to a GigabitEthernet interface (1Gbps nominal bandwidth), IOS converts the CIR to 100 Mbps and the Bc to 125,000 bytes (100 Mbps x 10msec / 8):

show policy-map interface GigabitEthernet1/0/0 

  Service-policy input: police-percent

    Class-map: class-default (match-any)  
      834 packets, 413664 bytes
      5 minute offered rate 13000 bps, drop rate 0000 bps
      Match: any 
      police:
        cir 10 %, bc 10 
        cir 100000000 bps, bc 125000 bytes  Configured CIR and Bc converted to bps and bytes, respectively.

Now, if we attach police-percent to a POS OC3 interface, the rate will be based on a nominal bandwidth of 155 Mbps. CIR will be calculated as 15.5 Mbps; the Bc, 19375 bytes (15.5 Mbps x 10msec / 8):

show policy-map interface POS1/1/0 

  Service-policy input: police-percent

    Class-map: class-default (match-any)  
      0 packets, 0 bytes
      5 minute offered rate 0000 bps, drop rate 0000 bps
      Match: any 
      police:
          cir 10 %, bc 10 
          cir 15500000 bps, bc 19375 bytes  Configured CIR and Bc converted to bps and bytes, respectively.

The color-aware mode of a single-rate, three-color policer extends the standard single-rate, three-color policer.

Similar to the "color-blind" version of this type of policer, we maintain and replenish two distinct token buckets for the "color-aware" mode. The difference stems from how a packet is evaluated against these buckets. Recall that a color-aware policer honors any decision made by a previous router (the current designation of a packet) and ensures that the decision of a previous router is not undone (an exceeding or violating packet can never be promoted to conforming).

The following flowchart illustrates the algorithm used for handling traffic in single-rate, color-aware traffic policing. ConfBkt represents the conforming token bucket and ExBkt the exceeding token bucket.

When a packet arrives, the policer uses its color-aware class-maps to determine the pre-existing color of that packet. This color may be conforming (matches the conform-color class-map), exceeding (matches the exceed-color class-map) or violating (matches neither of these class-maps).

If a packet is pre-marked as conforming it might end up as conforming, exceeding or violating. Evaluation proceeds as though the policer was operating in a color-blind mode.

• If the conforming token bucket has enough tokens the packet will take the conform action and the bucket will be decremented by the size of the packet.

• If the conforming token bucket has insufficient tokens but the exceeding token bucket does, the packet will take the exceed action and the exceeding token bucket is decremented by the size of the packet.

• If neither the conforming nor exceeding token bucket has sufficient tokens the packet will take the violate Action.

If a packet is pre-marked as exceeding it can never be promoted to conforming so evaluating the conforming token bucket is unnecessary.

• If the exceeding token bucket has sufficient tokens the packet will take the exceeding action and the bucket is decremented by the size of the packet.

If a packet is pre-marked as violating

• The violating action is taken and either token bucket is unchanged.

The color-aware mode of a dual-rate, three color policer extends the standard dual-rate, three-color policer. )

Similar to the "color-blind" version of this type of policer, we maintain and replenish two distinct token buckets for the "color-aware" mode. The difference arises from how a packet is evaluated against these buckets. Recall that a color-aware policer honors any decision made by a previous router (the current designation of a packet) and ensures that the decision of a previous router is not undone (an exceeding or violating packet can never be promoted to conforming).

The following diagram illustrates the algorithm used for handling traffic in dual-rate, color-aware policing. ConfBkt represents the conforming token bucket and ExBkt the exceeding token bucket.

When a packet arrives, the policer uses its color-aware class-maps to determine the pre-existing color of that packet. This color may be conforming (matches the conform-color class-map), exceeding (matches the exceed-color class-map) or violating (matches neither of these class-maps).

If a packet is pre-marked as violating

• we take the violating action and neither bucket is changed (decremented).

If a packet is pre-marked as exceeding

• and the exceeding bucket has sufficient tokens, the packet will remain as exceeding and we decrement the exceeding bucket by the size of the packet.

• and the exceeding bucket has insufficient tokens, the packet will take the violate action and neither bucket is changed.

If a packet is pre-marked as conforming

• and the exceeding bucket has insufficient tokens the packet will take the violate action and neither bucket is changed.

• and the exceeding bucket has sufficient tokens but the conforming bucket does not the packet will take the exceed action and we decrement the exceeding bucket by the size of the packet.

• and both the exceeding and conforming buckets have sufficient tokens the conform action will be taken and we decrement both buckets by the size of the packet.

One of the simplest and perhaps most typical use of policers in hierarchical policies is an ingress policy containing only policers. We have already described how a policer is often used for network admission control (defined inWhy Traffic Policing ). Replacing a simple policer with hierarchical policers allows the network operator to not only set an aggregate rate for network admission but also to specify rates for the individual classes of traffic that will be carried over the network.

For example, consider the following policy:

policy-map child
  class voice
    police cir percent 10 bc 5 ms
 !
policy-map parent
  class class-default
    police cir 50000000
    service-policy child

The policy-map parent, which is attached to the interface, defines the aggregate network admission rate (or service rate) for a customer so connected. In this example, the customer has contracted for 50 Mbps of network service. Within that network rate, the child policy limits individual classes of traffic. For example, the voice class specifies that traffic arriving at a rate exceeding 5 Mbps (10% of the parent) would simply be dropped.

On the ASR 1000 Series Appregation Services Router, we evaluate hierarchical policers for the child first then the parent. Although this scheme differs from IOS classic, it provides a much more meaningful construct. The following example should clarify this notion:

policy-map child
  class AF41
    police 2m
  class AF31
    police 2m
!
policy-map parent
  class AF41_or_AF31
    police 3m
    service-policy child

If a packet arrives with a marking of AF31 it must first pass through the AF31 policer in the child policy, which allows such packets to pass through up to a rate of 2 Mbps. The packet must then pass through the parent policer, which observes both AF31 and AF41 traffic.

The combined rate of AF31 and AF41 traffic from the child policy could be up to 4 Mbps as each has a 2 Mbps policer configured. Although a packet passed through the child policer, it may be dropped by the parent policer if the rate arriving at that policer is above the configured 3 Mbps rate.

When policers are used in an egress policy-map with scheduling semantics (bandwidth/shape/priority) all policers will be evaluated before a packet is enqueued. Furthermore, a policer in the parent level would be enforced before a shape value in the child level (scheduling happens).

If a percent-based policer is used in the parent level of a policy-map the meaning of the percent is fairly intuitive - it is a percent of the bandwidth available in the interface where the policy-map is attached. When we use a percent-based policer in the child or grandchild level, the meaning can be a bit more ambiguous.

• If the percent-based policer is configured in the child level it examines the parent level class to assess whether the bandwidth of that class has been constrained by either a shaper or policer. If so, the child policer CIR is a percent of the shape or police rate configured in the parent level. If not, the percent is interpreted as percent of the bandwidth available in the interface where the policy-map is attached.
• If the percent-based policer is configured in the grandchild level it first looks at the child level class for a shaper or policer. If it finds one, it uses that rate in the child level. If none exists, the grandchild policer looks at its class in the parent level. It either finds a rate there or uses the rate of the interface to which the policy is attached.
• If the percent policer is configured in the grandchild level and a rate-limiting feature (e.g., shaper or policer) is configured in both the child and parent levels, the grandchild always uses the rate configured in the child level. This is crucial as the sum of shapers or policers at any level in a policy can be greater than the physical bandwidth available.
• If both a shaper and a policer are configured in the parent of a class with a percent-based policer, the percent-based policer is based on the lower rate configured (shaper or policer).

The following hierarchical policy-map illustrates these considerations:

policy-map grandchild
  class AF11
    police cir percent 60
  class AF12
    police cir percent 40
!
policy-map child
  class AF1
    bandwidth percent 50
    service-policy grandchild
!
policy-map parent
  class class-default
    shape average 50000000
    service-policy child

The policers in the grandchild policy are percent-based policers. They defer to their parent class (class AF1 in the parent policy) for rate-limiting features. Because none exist here, the policers "step up" to the parent class (class class-default , in the parent policy).

There, they find a shaper that limits the throughput to 50Mbps. So, the policer in class AF11 would be configured with a CIR of 30 Mbps (60% of 50Mbps); the policer in class AF12, a CIR of 20 Mbps.