Implementing OSPF

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) developed by the OSPF working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Designed expressly for IP networks, OSPF supports IP subnetting and tagging of externally derived routing information. OSPF also allows packet authentication when sending and receiving packets.

OSPF Version 3 (OSPFv3) expands on OSPF Version 2, providing support for IPv6 routing prefixes.

This module describes the concepts and tasks you need to implement both versions of OSPF on your Cisco NCS 6000 Series Router . The term “OSPF" implies both versions of the routing protocol, unless otherwise noted.


Note

For more information about OSPF on Cisco IOS XR software and complete descriptions of the OSPF commands listed in this module, see the Related Documents section of this module. To locate documentation for other commands that might appear during execution of a configuration task, search online in the

Feature History for Implementing OSPF

Release 5.0.0

This feature was introduced.

Prerequisites for Implementing OSPF

The following are prerequisites for implementing OSPF on Cisco IOS XR software:

  • You must be in a user group associated with a task group that includes the proper task IDs. The command reference guides include the task IDs required for each command. If you suspect user group assignment is preventing you from using a command, contact your AAA administrator for assistance.

  • Configuration tasks for OSPFv3 assume that you are familiar with IPv6 addressing and basic configuration. See the Implementing Network Stack IPv4 and IPv6 on module of the IP Addresses and Services Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers for information on IPv6 routing and addressing.

  • Before you enable OSPFv3 on an interface, you must perform the following tasks:

    • Complete the OSPF network strategy and planning for your IPv6 network. For example, you must decide whether multiple areas are required.

    • Enable IPv6 on the interface.

  • Configuring authentication (IP Security) is an optional task. If you choose to configure authentication, you must first decide whether to configure plain text or Message Digest 5 (MD5) authentication, and whether the authentication applies to an entire area or specific interfaces.

Information About Implementing OSPF

To implement OSPF you need to understand the following concepts:

OSPF Functional Overview

OSPF is a routing protocol for IP. It is a link-state protocol, as opposed to a distance-vector protocol. A link-state protocol makes its routing decisions based on the states of the links that connect source and destination machines. The state of the link is a description of that interface and its relationship to its neighboring networking devices. The interface information includes the IP address of the interface, network mask, type of network to which it is connected, routers connected to that network, and so on. This information is propagated in various types of link-state advertisements (LSAs).

A router stores the collection of received LSA data in a link-state database. This database includes LSA data for the links of the router. The contents of the database, when subjected to the Dijkstra algorithm, extract data to create an OSPF routing table. The difference between the database and the routing table is that the database contains a complete collection of raw data; the routing table contains a list of shortest paths to known destinations through specific router interface ports.

OSPF is the IGP of choice because it scales to large networks. It uses areas to partition the network into more manageable sizes and to introduce hierarchy in the network. A router is attached to one or more areas in a network. All of the networking devices in an area maintain the same complete database information about the link states in their area only. They do not know about all link states in the network. The agreement of the database information among the routers in the area is called convergence.

At the intradomain level, OSPF can import routes learned using Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS). OSPF routes can also be exported into IS-IS. At the interdomain level, OSPF can import routes learned using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). OSPF routes can be exported into BGP.

Unlike Routing Information Protocol (RIP), OSPF does not provide periodic routing updates. On becoming neighbors, OSPF routers establish an adjacency by exchanging and synchronizing their databases. After that, only changed routing information is propagated. Every router in an area advertises the costs and states of its links, sending this information in an LSA. This state information is sent to all OSPF neighbors one hop away. All the OSPF neighbors, in turn, send the state information unchanged. This flooding process continues until all devices in the area have the same link-state database.

To determine the best route to a destination, the software sums all of the costs of the links in a route to a destination. After each router has received routing information from the other networking devices, it runs the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm to calculate the best path to each destination network in the database.

The networking devices running OSPF detect topological changes in the network, flood link-state updates to neighbors, and quickly converge on a new view of the topology. Each OSPF router in the network soon has the same topological view again. OSPF allows multiple equal-cost paths to the same destination. Since all link-state information is flooded and used in the SPF calculation, multiple equal cost paths can be computed and used for routing.

On broadcast and nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) networks, the designated router (DR) or backup DR performs the LSA flooding. On point-to-point networks, flooding simply exits an interface directly to a neighbor.

OSPF runs directly on top of IP; it does not use TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP). OSPF performs its own error correction by means of checksums in its packet header and LSAs.

In OSPFv3, the fundamental concepts are the same as OSPF Version 2, except that support is added for the increased address size of IPv6. New LSA types are created to carry IPv6 addresses and prefixes, and the protocol runs on an individual link basis rather than on an individual IP-subnet basis.

OSPF typically requires coordination among many internal routers: Area Border Routers (ABRs), which are routers attached to multiple areas, and Autonomous System Border Routers (ASBRs) that export reroutes from other sources (for example, IS-IS, BGP, or static routes) into the OSPF topology. At a minimum, OSPF-based routers or access servers can be configured with all default parameter values, no authentication, and interfaces assigned to areas. If you intend to customize your environment, you must ensure coordinated configurations of all routers.

Key Features Supported in the Cisco IOS XR Software OSPF Implementation

The Cisco IOS XR Software implementation of OSPF conforms to the OSPF Version 2 and OSPF Version 3 specifications detailed in the Internet RFC 2328 and RFC 2740, respectively.

The following key features are supported in the Cisco IOS XR Software implementation:

  • Hierarchy—CLI hierarchy is supported.

  • Inheritance—CLI inheritance is supported.

  • Stub areas—Definition of stub areas is supported.

  • NSF—Nonstop forwarding is supported.

  • SPF throttling—Shortest path first throttling feature is supported.

  • LSA throttling—LSA throttling feature is supported.

  • Fast convergence—SPF and LSA throttle timers are set, configuring fast convergence. The OSPF LSA throttling feature provides a dynamic mechanism to slow down LSA updates in OSPF during network instability. LSA throttling also allows faster OSPF convergence by providing LSA rate limiting in milliseconds.

  • Route redistribution—Routes learned using any IP routing protocol can be redistributed into any other IP routing protocol.

  • Authentication—Plain text and MD5 authentication among neighboring routers within an area is supported.

  • Routing interface parameters—Configurable parameters supported include interface output cost, retransmission interval, interface transmit delay, router priority, router “dead” and hello intervals, and authentication key.

  • Virtual links—Virtual links are supported.

  • Not-so-stubby area (NSSA)—RFC 1587 is supported.

  • OSPF over demand circuit—RFC 1793 is supported.

Comparison of Cisco IOS XR Software OSPFv3 and OSPFv2

Much of the OSPFv3 protocol is the same as in OSPFv2. OSPFv3 is described in RFC 2740.

The key differences between the Cisco IOS XR Software OSPFv3 and OSPFv2 protocols are as follows:

  • OSPFv3 expands on OSPFv2 to provide support for IPv6 routing prefixes and the larger size of IPv6 addresses.

  • When using an NBMA interface in OSPFv3, users must manually configure the router with the list of neighbors. Neighboring routers are identified by the link local address of the attached interface of the neighbor.

  • Unlike in OSPFv2, multiple OSPFv3 processes can be run on a link.

  • LSAs in OSPFv3 are expressed as “prefix and prefix length” instead of “address and mask.”

  • The router ID is a 32-bit number with no relationship to an IPv6 address.

OSPF Hierarchical CLI and CLI Inheritance

Cisco IOS XR Software introduces new OSPF configuration fundamentals consisting of hierarchical CLI and CLI inheritance.

Hierarchical CLI is the grouping of related network component information at defined hierarchical levels such as at the router, area, and interface levels. Hierarchical CLI allows for easier configuration, maintenance, and troubleshooting of OSPF configurations. When configuration commands are displayed together in their hierarchical context, visual inspections are simplified. Hierarchical CLI is intrinsic for CLI inheritance to be supported.

With CLI inheritance support, you need not explicitly configure a parameter for an area or interface. In Cisco IOS XR Software, the parameters of interfaces in the same area can be exclusively configured with a single command, or parameter values can be inherited from a higher hierarchical level—such as from the area configuration level or the router ospf configuration levels.

For example, the hello interval value for an interface is determined by this precedence “IF” statement:

If the hello interval command is configured at the interface configuration level, then use the interface configured value, else

If the hello interval command is configured at the area configuration level, then use the area configured value, else

If the hello interval command is configured at the router ospf configuration level, then use the router ospf configured value, else

Use the default value of the command.

OSPF Routing Components

Before implementing OSPF, you must know what the routing components are and what purpose they serve. They consist of the autonomous system, area types, interior routers, ABRs, and ASBRs.

Figure 1. OSPF Routing Components.

This figure illustrates the routing components in an OSPF network topology.

Autonomous Systems

The autonomous system is a collection of networks, under the same administrative control, that share routing information with each other. An autonomous system is also referred to as a routing domain. OSPF Routing Components shows two autonomous systems: 109 and 65200. An autonomous system can consist of one or more OSPF areas.

Areas

Areas allow the subdivision of an autonomous system into smaller, more manageable networks or sets of adjacent networks. As shown in OSPF Routing Components, autonomous system 109 consists of three areas: Area 0, Area 1, and Area 2.

OSPF hides the topology of an area from the rest of the autonomous system. The network topology for an area is visible only to routers inside that area. When OSPF routing is within an area, it is called intra-area routing. This routing limits the amount of link-state information flood into the network, reducing routing traffic. It also reduces the size of the topology information in each router, conserving processing and memory requirements in each router.

Also, the routers within an area cannot see the detailed network topology outside the area. Because of this restricted view of topological information, you can control traffic flow between areas and reduce routing traffic when the entire autonomous system is a single routing domain.

Backbone Area

A backbone area is responsible for distributing routing information between multiple areas of an autonomous system. OSPF routing occurring outside of an area is called interarea routing.

The backbone itself has all properties of an area. It consists of ABRs, routers, and networks only on the backbone. As shown in OSPF Routing Components, Area 0 is an OSPF backbone area. Any OSPF backbone area has a reserved area ID of 0.0.0.0.
Stub Area
A stub area is an area that does not accept route advertisements or detailed network information external to the area. A stub area typically has only one router that interfaces the area to the rest of the autonomous system. The stub ABR advertises a single default route to external destinations into the stub area. Routers within a stub area use this route for destinations outside the area and the autonomous system. This relationship conserves LSA database space that would otherwise be used to store external LSAs flooded into the area. In OSPF Routing Components, Area 2 is a stub area that is reached only through ABR 2. Area 0 cannot be a stub area.
Not-so-Stubby Area

A Not-so-Stubby Area (NSSA) is similar to the stub area. NSSA does not flood Type 5 external LSAs from the core into the area, but can import autonomous system external routes in a limited fashion within the area.

NSSA allows importing of Type 7 autonomous system external routes within an NSSA area by redistribution. These Type 7 LSAs are translated into Type 5 LSAs by NSSA ABRs, which are flooded throughout the whole routing domain. Summarization and filtering are supported during the translation.

Use NSSA to simplify administration if you are a network administrator that must connect a central site using OSPF to a remote site that is using a different routing protocol.

Before NSSA, the connection between the corporate site border router and remote router could not be run as an OSPF stub area because routes for the remote site could not be redistributed into a stub area, and two routing protocols needed to be maintained. A simple protocol like RIP was usually run and handled the redistribution. With NSSA, you can extend OSPF to cover the remote connection by defining the area between the corporate router and remote router as an NSSA. Area 0 cannot be an NSSA.

Routers

The OSPF network is composed of ABRs, ASBRs, and interior routers.

Area Border Routers
An area border routers (ABR) is a router with multiple interfaces that connect directly to networks in two or more areas. An ABR runs a separate copy of the OSPF algorithm and maintains separate routing data for each area that is attached to, including the backbone area. ABRs also send configuration summaries for their attached areas to the backbone area, which then distributes this information to other OSPF areas in the autonomous system. In OSPF Routing Components, there are two ABRs. ABR 1 interfaces Area 1 to the backbone area. ABR 2 interfaces the backbone Area 0 to Area 2, a stub area.
Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBR)

An autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) provides connectivity from one autonomous system to another system. ASBRs exchange their autonomous system routing information with boundary routers in other autonomous systems. Every router inside an autonomous system knows how to reach the boundary routers for its autonomous system.

ASBRs can import external routing information from other protocols like BGP and redistribute them as AS-external (ASE) Type 5 LSAs to the OSPF network. If the Cisco IOS XR router is an ASBR, you can configure it to advertise VIP addresses for content as autonomous system external routes. In this way, ASBRs flood information about external networks to routers within the OSPF network.

ASBR routes can be advertised as a Type 1 or Type 2 ASE. The difference between Type 1 and Type 2 is how the cost is calculated. For a Type 2 ASE, only the external cost (metric) is considered when multiple paths to the same destination are compared. For a Type 1 ASE, the combination of the external cost and cost to reach the ASBR is used. Type 2 external cost is the default and is always more costly than an OSPF route and used only if no OSPF route exists.

Interior Routers
An interior router (such as R1 in OSPF Routing Components) is attached to one area (for example, all the interfaces reside in the same area).

OSPF Process and Router ID

An OSPF process is a logical routing entity running OSPF in a physical router. This logical routing entity should not be confused with the logical routing feature that allows a system administrator (known as the Cisco IOS XR Software Owner) to partition the physical box into separate routers.

A physical router can run multiple OSPF processes, although the only reason to do so would be to connect two or more OSPF domains. Each process has its own link-state database. The routes in the routing table are calculated from the link-state database. One OSPF process does not share routes with another OSPF process unless the routes are redistributed.

Each OSPF process is identified by a router ID. The router ID must be unique across the entire routing domain. OSPF obtains a router ID from the following sources, in order of decreasing preference:

  • By default, when the OSPF process initializes, it checks if there is a router-id in the checkpointing database.

  • The 32-bit numeric value specified by the OSPF router-id command in router configuration mode. (This value can be any 32-bit value. It is not restricted to the IPv4 addresses assigned to interfaces on this router, and need not be a routable IPv4 address.)

  • The ITAL selected router-id.

  • The primary IPv4 address of an interface over which this OSPF process is running. The first interface address in the OSPF interface is selected.

We recommend that the router ID be set by the router-id command in router configuration mode. Separate OSPF processes could share the same router ID, in which case they cannot reside in the same OSPF routing domain.

Supported OSPF Network Types

OSPF classifies different media into the following types of networks:

  • NBMA networks

  • Point-to-point networks (POS)

  • Broadcast networks (Gigabit Ethernet)

  • Point-to-multipoint

You can configure your Cisco IOS XR network as either a broadcast or an NBMA network.

Route Authentication Methods for OSPF

OSPF Version 2 supports two types of authentication: plain text authentication and MD5 authentication. By default, no authentication is enabled (referred to as null authentication in RFC 2178).

OSPF Version 3 supports all types of authentication except key rollover.

Plain Text Authentication

Plain text authentication (also known as Type 1 authentication) uses a password that travels on the physical medium and is easily visible to someone that does not have access permission and could use the password to infiltrate a network. Therefore, plain text authentication does not provide security. It might protect against a faulty implementation of OSPF or a misconfigured OSPF interface trying to send erroneous OSPF packets.

MD5 Authentication

MD5 authentication provides a means of security. No password travels on the physical medium. Instead, the router uses MD5 to produce a message digest of the OSPF packet plus the key, which is sent on the physical medium. Using MD5 authentication prevents a router from accepting unauthorized or deliberately malicious routing updates, which could compromise your network security by diverting your traffic.


Note

MD5 authentication supports multiple keys, requiring that a key number be associated with a key.

See OSPF Authentication Message Digest Management.

Authentication Strategies

Authentication can be specified for an entire process or area, or on an interface or a virtual link. An interface or virtual link can be configured for only one type of authentication, not both. Authentication configured for an interface or virtual link overrides authentication configured for the area or process.

If you intend for all interfaces in an area to use the same type of authentication, you can configure fewer commands if you use the authentication command in the area configuration submode (and specify the message-digest keyword if you want the entire area to use MD5 authentication and HMAC SHA 256 authentication). This strategy requires fewer commands than specifying authentication for each interface.

Key Rollover

To support the changing of an MD5 key in an operational network without disrupting OSPF adjacencies (and hence the topology), a key rollover mechanism is supported. As a network administrator configures the new key into the multiple networking devices that communicate, some time exists when different devices are using both a new key and an old key. If an interface is configured with a new key, the software sends two copies of the same packet, each authenticated by the old key and new key. The software tracks which devices start using the new key, and the software stops sending duplicate packets after it detects that all of its neighbors are using the new key. The software then discards the old key. The network administrator must then remove the old key from each the configuration file of each router.

Neighbors and Adjacency for OSPF

Routers that share a segment (Layer 2 link between two interfaces) become neighbors on that segment. OSPF uses the hello protocol as a neighbor discovery and keep alive mechanism. The hello protocol involves receiving and periodically sending hello packets out each interface. The hello packets list all known OSPF neighbors on the interface. Routers become neighbors when they see themselves listed in the hello packet of the neighbor. After two routers are neighbors, they may proceed to exchange and synchronize their databases, which creates an adjacency. On broadcast and NBMA networks all neighboring routers have an adjacency.

Designated Router (DR) for OSPF

On point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks, the Cisco IOS XR software floods routing updates to immediate neighbors. No DR or backup DR (BDR) exists; all routing information is flooded to each router.

On broadcast or NBMA segments only, OSPF minimizes the amount of information being exchanged on a segment by choosing one router to be a DR and one router to be a BDR. Thus, the routers on the segment have a central point of contact for information exchange. Instead of each router exchanging routing updates with every other router on the segment, each router exchanges information with the DR and BDR. The DR and BDR relay the information to the other routers.

The software looks at the priority of the routers on the segment to determine which routers are the DR and BDR. The router with the highest priority is elected the DR. If there is a tie, then the router with the higher router ID takes precedence. After the DR is elected, the BDR is elected the same way. A router with a router priority set to zero is ineligible to become the DR or BDR.

Default Route for OSPF

Type 5 (ASE) LSAs are generated and flooded to all areas except stub areas. For the routers in a stub area to be able to route packets to destinations outside the stub area, a default route is injected by the ABR attached to the stub area.

The cost of the default route is 1 (default) or is determined by the value specified in the default-cost command.

Link-State Advertisement Types for OSPF Version 2

Each of the following LSA types has a different purpose:

  • Router LSA (Type 1)—Describes the links that the router has within a single area, and the cost of each link. These LSAs are flooded within an area only. The LSA indicates if the router can compute paths based on quality of service (QoS), whether it is an ABR or ASBR, and if it is one end of a virtual link. Type 1 LSAs are also used to advertise stub networks.

  • Network LSA (Type 2)—Describes the link state and cost information for all routers attached to a multiaccess network segment. This LSA lists all the routers that have interfaces attached to the network segment. It is the job of the designated router of a network segment to generate and track the contents of this LSA.

  • Summary LSA for ABRs (Type 3)—Advertises internal networks to routers in other areas (interarea routes). Type 3 LSAs may represent a single network or a set of networks aggregated into one prefix. Only ABRs generate summary LSAs.

  • Summary LSA for ASBRs (Type 4)—Advertises an ASBR and the cost to reach it. Routers that are trying to reach an external network use these advertisements to determine the best path to the next hop. ABRs generate Type 4 LSAs.

  • Autonomous system external LSA (Type 5)—Redistributes routes from another autonomous system, usually from a different routing protocol into OSPF.

  • Autonomous system external LSA (Type 7)—Provides for carrying external route information within an NSSA. Type 7 LSAs may be originated by and advertised throughout an NSSA. NSSAs do not receive or originate Type 5 LSAs. Type 7 LSAs are advertised only within a single NSSA. They are not flooded into the backbone area or into any other area by border routers.

  • Intra-area-prefix LSAs (Type 9)—A router can originate multiple intra-area-prefix LSAs for every router or transit network, each with a unique link-state ID. The link-state ID for each intra-area-prefix LSA describes its association to either the router LSA or network LSA and contains prefixes for stub and transit networks.

  • Area local scope (Type 10)—Opaque LSAs are not flooded past the borders of their associated area.

  • Link-state (Type 11)—The LSA is flooded throughout the AS. The flooding scope of Type 11 LSAs are equivalent to the flooding scope of AS-external (Type 5) LSAs. Similar to Type 5 LSAs, the LSA is rejected if a Type 11 opaque LSA is received in a stub area from a neighboring router within the stub area. Type 11 opaque LSAs have these attributes:

    • LSAs are flooded throughout all transit areas.

    • LSAs are not flooded into stub areas from the backbone.

    • LSAs are not originated by routers into their connected stub areas.

Link-State Advertisement Types for OSPFv3

Each of the following LSA types has a different purpose:

  • Router LSA (Type 1)—Describes the link state and costs of a the router link to the area. These LSAs are flooded within an area only. The LSA indicates whether the router is an ABR or ASBR and if it is one end of a virtual link. Type 1 LSAs are also used to advertise stub networks. In OSPFv3, these LSAs have no address information and are network protocol independent. In OSPFv3, router interface information may be spread across multiple router LSAs. Receivers must concatenate all router LSAs originated by a given router before running the SPF calculation.

  • Network LSA (Type 2)—Describes the link state and cost information for all routers attached to a multiaccess network segment. This LSA lists all OSPF routers that have interfaces attached to the network segment. Only the elected designated router for the network segment can generate and track the network LSA for the segment. In OSPFv3, network LSAs have no address information and are network-protocol-independent.

  • Interarea-prefix LSA for ABRs (Type 3)—Advertises internal networks to routers in other areas (interarea routes). Type 3 LSAs may represent a single network or set of networks aggregated into one prefix. Only ABRs generate Type 3 LSAs. In OSPFv3, addresses for these LSAs are expressed as “prefix and prefix length” instead of “address and mask.” The default route is expressed as a prefix with length 0.

  • Interarea-router LSA for ASBRs (Type 4)—Advertises an ASBR and the cost to reach it. Routers that are trying to reach an external network use these advertisements to determine the best path to the next hop. ABRs generate Type 4 LSAs.

  • Autonomous system external LSA (Type 5)—Redistributes routes from another autonomous system, usually from a different routing protocol into OSPF. In OSPFv3, addresses for these LSAs are expressed as “prefix and prefix length” instead of “address and mask.” The default route is expressed as a prefix with length 0.

  • Autonomous system external LSA (Type 7)—Provides for carrying external route information within an NSSA. Type 7 LSAs may be originated by and advertised throughout an NSSA. NSSAs do not receive or originate Type 5 LSAs. Type 7 LSAs are advertised only within a single NSSA. They are not flooded into the backbone area or into any other area by border routers.

  • Link LSA (Type 8)—Has link-local flooding scope and is never flooded beyond the link with which it is associated. Link LSAs provide the link-local address of the router to all other routers attached to the link or network segment, inform other routers attached to the link of a list of IPv6 prefixes to associate with the link, and allow the router to assert a collection of Options bits to associate with the network LSA that is originated for the link.

  • Intra-area-prefix LSAs (Type 9)—A router can originate multiple intra-area-prefix LSAs for every router or transit network, each with a unique link-state ID. The link-state ID for each intra-area-prefix LSA describes its association to either the router LSA or network LSA and contains prefixes for stub and transit networks.

An address prefix occurs in almost all newly defined LSAs. The prefix is represented by three fields: Prefix Length, Prefix Options, and Address Prefix. In OSPFv3, addresses for these LSAs are expressed as “prefix and prefix length” instead of “address and mask.” The default route is expressed as a prefix with length 0.

Inter-area-prefix and intra-area-prefix LSAs carry all IPv6 prefix information that, in IPv4, is included in router LSAs and network LSAs. The Options field in certain LSAs (router LSAs, network LSAs, interarea-router LSAs, and link LSAs) has been expanded to 24 bits to provide support for OSPF in IPv6.

In OSPFv3, the sole function of link-state ID in interarea-prefix LSAs, interarea-router LSAs, and autonomous system external LSAs is to identify individual pieces of the link-state database. All addresses or router IDs that are expressed by the link-state ID in OSPF Version 2 are carried in the body of the LSA in OSPFv3.

Virtual Link and Transit Area for OSPF

In OSPF, routing information from all areas is first summarized to the backbone area by ABRs. The same ABRs, in turn, propagate such received information to their attached areas. Such hierarchical distribution of routing information requires that all areas be connected to the backbone area (Area 0). Occasions might exist for which an area must be defined, but it cannot be physically connected to Area 0. Examples of such an occasion might be if your company makes a new acquisition that includes an OSPF area, or if Area 0 itself is partitioned.

In the case in which an area cannot be connected to Area 0, you must configure a virtual link between that area and Area 0. The two endpoints of a virtual link are ABRs, and the virtual link must be configured in both routers. The common nonbackbone area to which the two routers belong is called a transit area. A virtual link specifies the transit area and the router ID of the other virtual endpoint (the other ABR).

A virtual link cannot be configured through a stub area or NSSA.

Figure 2. Virtual Link to Area 0.

This figure illustrates a virtual link from Area 3 to Area 0.



Passive Interface

Setting an interface as passive disables the sending of routing updates for the neighbors, hence adjacencies will not be formed in OSPF. However, the particular subnet will continue to be advertised to OSPF neighbors. Use the passive command in appropriate mode to suppress the sending of OSPF protocol operation on an interface.

It is recommended to use passive configuration on interfaces that are connecting LAN segments with hosts to the rest of the network, but are not meant to be transit links between routers.

OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization

The OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization feature enables an administrator to converge, in a faster mode, important prefixes during route installation.

When a large number of prefixes must be installed in the Routing Information Base (RIB) and the Forwarding Information Base (FIB), the update duration between the first and last prefix, during SPF, can be significant.

In networks where time-sensitive traffic (for example, VoIP) may transit to the same router along with other traffic flows, it is important to prioritize RIB and FIB updates during SPF for these time-sensitive prefixes.

The OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization feature provides the administrator with the ability to prioritize important prefixes to be installed, into the RIB during SPF calculations. Important prefixes converge faster among prefixes of the same route type per area. Before RIB and FIB installation, routes and prefixes are assigned to various priority batch queues in the OSPF local RIB, based on specified route policy. The RIB priority batch queues are classified as "critical," "high," "medium," and "low," in the order of decreasing priority.

When enabled, prefix alters the sequence of updating the RIB with this prefix priority:

Critical > High > Medium > Low

As soon as prefix priority is configured, /32 prefixes are no longer preferred by default; they are placed in the low-priority queue, if they are not matched with higher-priority policies. Route policies must be devised to retain /32s in the higher-priority queues (high-priority or medium-priority queues).

Priority is specified using route policy, which can be matched based on IP addresses or route tags. During SPF, a prefix is checked against the specified route policy and is assigned to the appropriate RIB batch priority queue.

These are examples of this scenario:

  • If only high-priority route policy is specified, and no route policy is configured for a medium priority:

    • Permitted prefixes are assigned to a high-priority queue.

    • Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in a low-priority queue.

  • If both high-priority and medium-priority route policies are specified, and no maps are specified for critical priority:

    • Permitted prefixes matching high-priority route policy are assigned to a high-priority queue.

    • Permitted prefixes matching medium-priority route policy are placed in a medium-priority queue.

    • Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are moved to a low-priority queue.

  • If both critical-priority and high-priority route policies are specified, and no maps are specified for medium priority:

    • Permitted prefixes matching critical-priority route policy are assigned to a critical-priority queue.

    • Permitted prefixes matching high-priority route policy are assigned to a high-priority queue.

    • Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in a low-priority queue.

  • If only medium-priority route policy is specified and no maps are specified for high priority or critical priority:

    • Permitted prefixes matching medium-priority route policy are assigned to a medium-priority queue.

    • Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in a low-priority queue.

    Use the [no] spf prefix-priority route-policy rpl command to prioritize OSPF prefix installation into the global RIB during SPF.

    SPF prefix prioritization is disabled by default. In disabled mode, /32 prefixes are installed into the global RIB, before other prefixes. If SPF prioritization is enabled, routes are matched against the route-policy criteria and are assigned to the appropriate priority queue based on the SPF priority set. Unmatched prefixes, including /32s, are placed in the low-priority queue.

    If all /32s are desired in the high-priority queue or medium-priority queue, configure this single route map:

prefix-set ospf-medium-prefixes
  0.0.0.0/0 ge 32
  end-set

Route Redistribution for OSPF

Redistribution allows different routing protocols to exchange routing information. This technique can be used to allow connectivity to span multiple routing protocols. It is important to remember that the redistribute command controls redistribution into an OSPF process and not from OSPF. See Configuration Examples for Implementing OSPF for an example of route redistribution for OSPF.

OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling

OSPF SPF throttling makes it possible to configure SPF scheduling in millisecond intervals and to potentially delay SPF calculations during network instability. SPF is scheduled to calculate the Shortest Path Tree (SPT) when there is a change in topology. One SPF run may include multiple topology change events.

The interval at which the SPF calculations occur is chosen dynamically and based on the frequency of topology changes in the network. The chosen interval is within the boundary of the user-specified value ranges. If network topology is unstable, SPF throttling calculates SPF scheduling intervals to be longer until topology becomes stable.

SPF calculations occur at the interval set by the timers throttle spf command. The wait interval indicates the amount of time to wait until the next SPF calculation occurs. Each wait interval after that calculation is twice as long as the previous interval until the interval reaches the maximum wait time specified.

The SPF timing can be better explained using an example. In this example, the start interval is set at 5 milliseconds (ms), initial wait interval at 1000 ms, and maximum wait time at 90,000 ms. 


  timers spf 5 1000 90000
Figure 3. SPF Calculation Intervals Set by the timers spf Command.

This figure shows the intervals at which the SPF calculations occur as long as at least one topology change event is received in a given wait interval.

Notice that the wait interval between SPF calculations doubles when at least one topology change event is received during the previous wait interval. After the maximum wait time is reached, the wait interval remains the same until the topology stabilizes and no event is received in that interval.

If the first topology change event is received after the current wait interval, the SPF calculation is delayed by the amount of time specified as the start interval. The subsequent wait intervals continue to follow the dynamic pattern.

If the first topology change event occurs after the maximum wait interval begins, the SPF calculation is again scheduled at the start interval and subsequent wait intervals are reset according to the parameters specified in the timers throttle spf command. Notice in Timer Intervals Reset After Topology Change Eventthat a topology change event was received after the start of the maximum wait time interval and that the SPF intervals have been reset.

Figure 4. Timer Intervals Reset After Topology Change Event

Nonstop Forwarding for OSPF Version 2

Cisco IOS XR Software NSF for OSPF Version 2 allows for the forwarding of data packets to continue along known routes while the routing protocol information is being restored following a process restart or failover. With NSF, peer networking devices do not experience routing flaps. During process restart or failover, data traffic is forwarded through intelligent line cards while the standby Route Processor (RP) assumes control from the failed RP. The ability of line cards to remain up through a process restart, and to be kept current with the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) on the active RP is key to Cisco IOS XR Software NSF operation.

Routing protocols, such as OSPF, run only on the active RP or DRP and receive routing updates from their neighbor routers. When an OSPF NSF-capable router performs a process restart, it must perform two tasks to resynchronize its link-state database with its OSPF neighbors. First, it must relearn the available OSPF neighbors on the network without causing a reset of the neighbor relationship. Second, it must reacquire the contents of the link-state database for the network.

As quickly as possible after an RP failover or process restart, the NSF-capable router sends an OSPF NSF signal to neighboring NSF-aware devices. This signal is in the form of a link-local LSA generated by the failed-over router. Neighbor networking devices recognize this signal as a cue that the neighbor relationship with this router should not be reset. As the NSF-capable router receives signals from other routers on the network, it can begin to rebuild its neighbor list.

After neighbor relationships are reestablished, the NSF-capable router begins to resynchronize its database with all of its NSF-aware neighbors. At this point, the routing information is exchanged between the OSPF neighbors. After this exchange is completed, the NSF-capable device uses the routing information to remove stale routes, update the RIB, and update the FIB with the new forwarding information. OSPF on the router and the OSPF neighbors are now fully converged.

Graceful Shutdown for OSPFv3

The OSPFv3 Graceful Shutdown feature preserves the data plane capability in these circumstances:

  • RP failure resulting in a switch-over to the backup processor

  • Planned OSPFv3 process restart, such as a restart resulting from a software upgrade or downgrade

  • Unplanned OSPFv3 process restart, such as a restart resulting from a process crash

In addition, OSPFv3 will unilaterally shutdown and enter the exited state when a critical memory event, indicating the processor is critically low on available memory, is received from the sysmon watch dog process.

This feature supports nonstop data forwarding on established routes while the OSPFv3 routing protocol restarts. Therefore, this feature enhances high availability of IPv6 forwarding.

Modes of Graceful Restart Operation

The operational modes that a router can be in for this feature are restart mode, helper mode, and protocol shutdown mode.

Restart Mode

When the OSPFv3 process starts up, it determines whether it must attempt a graceful restart. The determination is based on whether graceful restart was previously enabled. (OSPFv3 does not attempt a graceful restart upon the first-time startup of the router.) When OSPFv3 graceful restart is enabled, it changes the purge timer in the RIB to a nonzero value. See Configuring OSPFv3 Graceful Restart,for descriptions of how to enable and configure graceful restart.

During a graceful restart, the router does not populate OSPFv3 routes in the RIB. It tries to bring up full adjacencies with the fully adjacent neighbors that OSPFv3 had before the restart. Eventually, the OSPFv3 process indicates to the RIB that it has converged, either for the purpose of terminating the graceful restart (for any reason) or because it has completed the graceful restart.

The following are general details about restart mode. More detailed information on behavior and certain restrictions and requirements appears in Graceful Restart Requirements and Restrictions section.

  • If OSPFv3 attempts a restart too soon after the most recent restart, the OSPFv3 process is most likely crashing repeatedly, so the new graceful restart stops running. To control the period between allowable graceful restarts, use the graceful-restart interval command.

  • When OSFPv3 starts a graceful restart with the first interface that comes up, a timer starts running to limit the duration (or lifetime) of the graceful restart. You can configure this period with the graceful-restart lifetime command. On each interface that comes up, a grace LSA (Type 11) is flooded to indicate to the neighboring routers that this router is attempting graceful restart. The neighbors enter into helper mode.

  • The designated router and backup designated router check of the hello packet received from the restarting neighbor is bypassed, because it might not be valid.

Helper Mode

Helper mode is enabled by default. When a (helper) router receives a grace LSA (Type 11) from a router that is attempting a graceful restart, the following events occur:

  • If helper mode has been disabled through the graceful-restart helper disable command, the router drops the LSA packet.

  • If helper mode is enabled, the router enters helper mode if all of the following conditions are met:

    • The local router itself is not attempting a graceful restart.

    • The local (helping) router has full adjacency with the sending neighbor.

    • The value of lsage (link state age) in the received LSA is less than the requested grace period.

    • The sender of the grace LSA is the same as the originator of the grace LSA.

  • Upon entering helper mode, a router performs its helper function for a specific period of time. This time period is the lifetime value from the router that is in restart mode—minus the value of lsage in the received grace LSA. If the graceful restart succeeds in time, the helper’s timer is stopped before it expires. If the helper’s timer does expire, the adjacency to the restarting router is brought down, and normal OSPFv3 functionality resumes.

  • The dead timer is not honored by the router that is in helper mode.

  • A router in helper mode ceases to perform the helper function in any of the following cases:

    • The helper router is able to bring up a FULL adjacency with the restarting router.

    • The local timer for the helper function expires.

Protocol Shutdown Mode

In this mode the OSPFv3 operation is completely disabled. This is accomplished by flushing self-originated link state advertisements (LSAs), immediately bringing down local OSPFv3-supported interfaces, and clearing the Link State Database (LSDB). The non-local LSDB entries are removed by OSPFv3, These are not flooded (MaxAged).

The protocol shutdown mode can be invoked either manually through the protocol shutdown command that disables the protocol instance or when the OSPFv3 process runs out of memory. These events occur when protocol shut down is performed:

  • The local Router LSA and all local Link LSAs are flushed. All other LSAs are eventually aged out by other OSPFv3 routers in the domain.

  • OSPFv3 neighbors not yet in Full state with the local router are brought down with the Kill_Nbr event.

  • After a three second delay, empty Hello packets are immediately sent to each neighbor that has an active adjacency.

    • An empty Hello packet is sent periodically until the dead_interval has elapsed.

    • When the dead_interval elapses, Hello packets are no longer sent.

After a Dead Hello interval delay (4 X Hello Interval), the following events are then performed:

  • The LSA database from that OSPFv3 instance is cleared.

  • All routes from RIB that were installed by OSPFv3 are purged.

The router will not respond to any OSPF control packets it receives from neighbors while in protocol shutdown state.

Protocol Restoration

The method of restoring the protocol is dependent on the trigger that originally invoked the shut down. If the OSPFv3 was shut down using the protocol shutdown command, then use the no protocol shutdown command to restore OSPFv3 back to normal operation. If the OSPFv3 was shutdown due to a Critical Memory message from the sysmon, then a Normal Memory message from sysmon, which indicates that sufficient memory has been restored to the processor, restores the OSPFv3 protocol to resume normal operation. When OSPFv3 is shutdown due to the Critical Memory trigger, it must be manually restarted when normal memory levels are restored on the route processor. It will not automatically restore itself.

These events occur when the OSPFv3 is restored:

  1. All OSPFv3 interfaces are brought back up using the Hello packets and database exchange.

  2. The local router and link LSAs are rebuilt and advertised.

  3. The router replies normally to all OSPFv3 control messages received from neighbors.

  4. Routes learned from other OSPFv3 routers are installed in RIB.

Graceful Restart Requirements and Restrictions

The requirements for supporting the Graceful Restart feature include:

  • Cooperation of a router’s neighbors during a graceful restart. In relation to the router on which OSPFv3 is restarting, each router is called a helper.

  • All neighbors of the router that does a graceful restart must be capable of doing a graceful restart.

  • A graceful restart does not occur upon the first-time startup of a router.

  • OSPFv3 neighbor information and database information are not check-pointed.

  • An OSPFv3 process rebuilds adjacencies after it restarts.

  • To ensure consistent databases after a restart, the OSPFv3 configuration must be identical to the configuration before the restart. (This requirement applies to self-originated information in the local database.) A graceful restart can fail if configurations change during the operation. In this case, data forwarding would be affected. OSPFv3 resumes operation by regenerating all its LSAs and resynchronizing its database with all its neighbors.

  • Although IPv6 FIB tables remain unchanged during a graceful restart, these tables eventually mark the routes as stale through the use of a holddown timer. Enough time is allowed for the protocols to rebuild state information and converge.

  • The router on which OSPFv3 is restarting must send OSPFv3 hellos within the dead interval of the process restart. Protocols must be able to retain adjacencies with neighbors before the adjacency dead timer expires. The default for the dead timer is 40 seconds. If hellos do not arrive on the adjacency before the dead timer expires, the router takes down the adjacency. The OSPFv3 Graceful Restart feature does not function properly if the dead timer is configured to be less than the time required to send hellos after the OSPFv3 process restarts.

  • Simultaneous graceful restart sessions on multiple routers are not supported on a single network segment. If a router determines that multiple routers are in restart mode, it terminates any local graceful restart operation.

  • This feature utilizes the available support for changing the purge time of existing OSPFv3 routes in the Routing Information Base (RIB). When graceful restart is enabled, the purge timer is set to 90 seconds by default. If graceful restart is disabled, the purge timer setting is 0.

  • This feature has an associated grace LSA. This link-scope LSA is type11.

  • According to the RFC, the OSPFv3 process should flush all old, self-originated LSAs during a restart. With the Graceful Restart feature, however, the router delays this flushing of unknown self-originated LSAs during a graceful restart. OSPFv3 can learn new information and build new LSAs to replace the old LSAs. When the delay is over, all old LSAs are flushed.

  • If graceful restart is enabled, the adjacency creation time of all the neighbors is saved in the system database (SysDB). The purpose for saving the creation time is so that OSPFv3 can use the original adjacency creation time to display the uptime for that neighbor after the restart.

Warm Standby and Nonstop Routing for OSPF Version 2

OSPFv2 warm standby provides high availability across RP switchovers. With warm standby extensions, each process running on the active RP has a corresponding standby process started on the standby RP. A standby OSPF process can send and receive OSPF packets with no performance impact to the active OSPF process.

Nonstop routing (NSR) allows an RP failover, process restart, or in-service upgrade to be invisible to peer routers and ensures that there is minimal performance or processing impact. Routing protocol interactions between routers are not impacted by NSR. NSR is built on the warm standby extensions. NSR alleviates the requirement for Cisco NSF and IETF graceful restart protocol extensions.


Note

It is recommended to set the hello timer interval to the default of 10 seconds. OSPF sessions may flap during switchover if hello-interval timer configured is less then default value.

Warm Standby for OSPF Version 3

This feature helps OSPFv3 to initialize itself prior to Fail over (FO) and be ready to function before the failure occurs. It reduces the downtime during switchover. By default, the router sends hello packets every 40 seconds.

With warm standby process for each OSPF process running on the Active Route Processor, the corresponding OSPF process must start on the Standby RP. There are no changes in configuration for this feature.

Warm-Standby is always enabled. This is an advantage for the systems running OSPFv3 as their IGP when they do RP failover.

Load Balancing in OSPF Version 2 and OSPFv3

When a router learns multiple routes to a specific network by using multiple routing processes (or routing protocols), it installs the route with the lowest administrative distance in the routing table. Sometimes the router must select a route from among many learned by using the same routing process with the same administrative distance. In this case, the router chooses the path with the lowest cost (or metric) to the destination. Each routing process calculates its cost differently; the costs may need to be manipulated to achieve load balancing.

OSPF performs load balancing automatically. If OSPF finds that it can reach a destination through more than one interface and each path has the same cost, it installs each path in the routing table. The only restriction on the number of paths to the same destination is controlled by the maximum-paths (OSPF) command.

The range for maximum paths is 1 to 64 and the default number of maximum paths is 64.

Multi-Area Adjacency for OSPF Version 2

The multi-area adjacency feature for OSPFv2 allows a link to be configured on the primary interface in more than one area so that the link could be considered as an intra-area link in those areas and configured as a preference over more expensive paths.

This feature establishes a point-to-point unnumbered link in an OSPF area. A point-to-point link provides a topological path for that area, and the primary adjacency uses the link to advertise the link consistent with draft-ietf-ospf-multi-area-adj-06.

The following are multi-area interface attributes and limitations:

  • Exists as a logical construct over an existing primary interface for OSPF; however, the neighbor state on the primary interface is independent of the multi-area interface.

  • Establishes a neighbor relationship with the corresponding multi-area interface on the neighboring router. A mixture of multi-area and primary interfaces is not supported.

  • Advertises an unnumbered point-to-point link in the router link state advertisement (LSA) for the corresponding area when the neighbor state is full.

  • Created as a point-to-point network type. You can configure multi-area adjacency on any interface where only two OSF speakers are attached. In the case of native broadcast networks, the interface must be configured as an OPSF point-to-point type using the network point-to-point command to enable the interface for a multi-area adjacency.

  • Inherits the Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) characteristics from its primary interface. BFD is not configurable under a multi-area interface; however, it is configurable under the primary interface.

The multi-area interface inherits the interface characteristics from its primary interface, but some interface characteristics can be configured under the multi-area interface configuration mode as shown below: 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# multi-area-interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-mif)# ?
  authentication       Enable authentication
  authentication-key   Authentication password (key)
  cost                 Interface cost
  cost-fallback        Cost when cumulative bandwidth goes below the theshold
  database-filter      Filter OSPF LSA during synchronization and flooding
  dead-interval        Interval after which a neighbor is declared dead
  distribute-list      Filter networks in routing updates
  hello-interval       Time between HELLO packets
  message-digest-key   Message digest authentication password (key)
  mtu-ignore           Enable/Disable ignoring of MTU in DBD packets
  packet-size          Customize size of OSPF packets upto MTU
  retransmit-interval  Time between retransmitting lost link state advertisements
  transmit-delay       Estimated time needed to send link-state update packet
  
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-mif)#

Label Distribution Protocol IGP Auto-configuration for OSPF

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) auto-configuration simplifies the procedure to enable LDP on a set of interfaces used by an IGP instance, such as OSPF. LDP IGP auto-configuration can be used on a large number of interfaces (for example, when LDP is used for transport in the core) and on multiple OSPF instances simultaneously.

LDP IGP auto-configuration can also be explicitly disabled on an individual interface basis under LDP using the igp auto-config disable command. This allows LDP to receive all OSPF interfaces minus the ones explicitly disabled.

See MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers for information on configuring LDP IGP auto-configuration.

OSPF Authentication Message Digest Management

All OSPF routing protocol exchanges are authenticated and the method used can vary depending on how authentication is configured. When using cryptographic authentication, the OSPF routing protocol uses the Message Digest 5 (MD5) authentication algorithm to authenticate packets transmitted between neighbors in the network. For each OSPF protocol packet, a key is used to generate and verify a message digest that is appended to the end of the OSPF packet. The message digest is a one-way function of the OSPF protocol packet and the secret key. Each key is identified by the combination of interface used and the key identification. An interface may have multiple keys active at any time.

To manage the rollover of keys and enhance MD5 authentication for OSPF, you can configure a container of keys called a keychain with each key comprising the following attributes: generate/accept time, key identification, and authentication algorithm.

GTSM TTL Security Mechanism for OSPF

OSPF is a link state protocol that requires networking devices to detect topological changes in the network, flood Link State Advertisement (LSA) updates to neighbors, and quickly converge on a new view of the topology. However, during the act of receiving LSAs from neighbors, network attacks can occur, because there are no checks that unicast packets are originating from a neighbor that is one hop away or multiple hops away over virtual links.

For virtual links, OSPF packets travel multiple hops across the network; hence, the TTL value can be decremented several times. For these type of links, a minimum TTL value must be allowed and accepted for multiple-hop packets.

To filter network attacks originating from invalid sources traveling over multiple hops, the Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM), RFC 3682, is used to prevent the attacks. GTSM filters link-local addresses and allows for only one-hop neighbor adjacencies through the configuration of TTL value 255. The TTL value in the IP header is set to 255 when OSPF packets are originated, and checked on the received OSPF packets against the default GTSM TTL value 255 or the user configured GTSM TTL value, blocking unauthorized OSPF packets originated from TTL hops away.

Path Computation Element for OSPFv2

A PCE is an entity (component, application, or network node) that is capable of computing a network path or route based on a network graph and applying computational constraints.

PCE is accomplished when a PCE address and client is configured for MPLS-TE. PCE communicates its PCE address and capabilities to OSPF then OSPF packages this information in the PCE Discovery type-length-value (TLV) (Type 2) and reoriginates the RI LSA. OSPF also includes the Router Capabilities TLV (Type 1) in all its RI LSAs. The PCE Discovery TLV contains the PCE address sub-TLV (Type 1) and the Path Scope Sub-TLV (Type 2).

The PCE Address Sub-TLV specifies the IP address that must be used to reach the PCE. It should be a loop-back address that is always reachable, this TLV is mandatory, and must be present within the PCE Discovery TLV. The Path Scope Sub-TLV indicates the PCE path computation scopes, which refers to the PCE ability to compute or participate in the computation of intra-area, inter-area, inter-AS or inter-layer TE LSPs.

PCE extensions to OSPFv2 include support for the Router Information Link State Advertisement (RI LSA). OSPFv2 is extended to receive all area scopes (LSA Types 9, 10, and 11). However, OSPFv2 originates only area scope Type 10.

For detailed information for the Path Computation Element feature see the Implementing MPLS Traffic Engineering on module of the MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers and the following IETF drafts:

  • draft-ietf-ospf-cap-09

  • draft-ietf-pce-disco-proto-ospf-00

OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters

The OSPF queue tuning parameters configuration allows you to:

  • Limit the number of continuous incoming events processed.

  • Set the maximum number of rate-limited link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per run.

  • Limit the number of summary or external Type 3 to Type 7 link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per shortest path first (SPF) iteration within a single SPF run.

  • Set the high watermark for incoming priority events.

OSPF IP Fast Reroute Loop Free Alternate

The OSPF IP Fast Reroute (FRR) Loop Free Alternate (LFA) computation supports these:

  • Fast rerouting capability by using IP forwarding and routing

  • Handles failure in the line cards in minimum time

OSPF Over GRE Interfaces

Cisco IOS XR software provides the capability to run OSPF protocols over Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnel interfaces.

For more information on GRE tunnel interfaces, see Implementing BGP on Cisco IOS XR Software module.

Management Information Base (MIB) for OSPFv3

Cisco IOS XR supports full MIBs and traps for OSPFv3, as defined in RFC 5643. The RFC 5643 defines objects of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Protocol for IPv6 ( OSPF version 3).

The OSPFv3 MIB implementation is based on the IETF draft Management Information Base for OSPFv3 ( draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-mib-8). Users need to update the NMS application to pick up the new MIB when upgraded to RFC 5643.

Multiple OSPFv3 Instances

SNMPv3 supports "contexts" that can be used to implement MIB views on multiple OSPFv3 instances, in the same system.

IGP link state

IGP Link-State Database Distribution

A given BGP node may have connections to multiple, independent routing domains. IGP link-state database distribution into BGP-LS is supported for both OSPF and IS-IS protocols in order to distribute this information on to controllers or applications that desire to build paths spanning or including these multiple domains.

To distribute OSPFv2 link-state data using BGP-LS, use the distribute link-state command in router configuration mode. 


Router# configure
Router(config)# router ospf 100
Router(config-ospf)# distribute link-state instance-id 32

OSPFv2 Unequal Cost Load Balancing

Unequal Cost Load Balancing feature in Cisco IOS XR OSPFv2 feature enables Unequal Cost Multipath (UCMP) calculation based on configured prefix-list and based on variance factor. UCMP path can be calculated for all prefixes or only for selected prefixes based on the configuration. Selected interfaces can be excluded to be used as a candidate for UCMP paths. The calculated UCMP paths are then installed in the routing information base (RIB) subject to the max-path limit.

The OSPFv2 interior gateway protocol is used to calculate paths to prefixes inside an autonomous system. OSPF calculates up to maximum paths (max-path) equal cost multi-paths (ECMPs) for each prefix, where max-path is either limited by the router support or is configured by the user.

UCMP Paths Calculation

In some topologies, alternate paths to prefix exist even though their metric is higher then the metric of the best path(s). These paths are called Unequal Cost Multipaths (UCMPs). These paths are guaranteed to be loop free. Users can send some portion of the traffic down these paths to better utilize the available bandwidth. However, the UCMP paths are not discovered by the traditional Dijkstra calculation. Additional computation is required to discover these paths.

Unequal Cost Multipath Load-balancing for OSPF

The unequal cost multipath (UCMP) load-balancing adds the capability with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) to load-balance traffic proportionally across multiple paths, with different cost. Without UCMP enabled, only the best cost paths are discovered by OSPF (ECMP) and alternate higher cost paths are not computed.

Generally, higher bandwidth links have lower IGP metrics configured, so that they form the shortest IGP paths. With the UCMP load-balancing enabled, IGP can use even lower bandwidth links or higher cost links for traffic, and can install these paths to the forwarding information base (FIB). OSPF installs multiple paths to the same destination in FIB, but each path will have a 'load metric/weight' associated with it. FIB uses this load metric/weight to decide the amount of traffic that needs to be sent on a higher bandwidth path and the amount of traffic that needs to be sent on a lower bandwidth path.

The UCMP computation is provided under OSPF VRF context, enabling UCMP computation for a particular VRF. For default VRF the configuration is done under the OSPF global mode. The UCMP configuration is also provided with a prefix-list option, which would limit the UCMP computation only for the prefixes present in the prefix-list. If prefix-list option is not provided, UCMP computation is done for the reachable prefixes in OSPF. The number of UCMP paths to be considered and installed is controlled using the variance configuration. Variance value identifies the range for the UCMP path metric to be considered for installation into routing information base (RIB/FIB) and is defined in terms of a percentage of the primary path metric. Total number of paths, including ECMP and UCMP paths together is limited by the max-path configuration or by the max-path capability of the platform.

There is an option to exclude an interface from being used for UCMP computation. If it is desired that a particular interface should not be considered as a UCMP nexthop, for any prefix, then use the UCMP exclude interface command to configure the interface to be excluded from UCMP computation.

Enabling the UCMP configuration indicates that OSPF should perform UCMP computation for the all the reachable OSPF prefixes or all the prefixes permitted by the prefix-list, if the prefix-list option is used. The UCMP computation happens only after the primary SPF and route calculation is completed. There would be a configurable delay (default delay is 100 ms) from the time primary route calculation is completed and UCMP computation is started. Use the UCMP delay-interval command to configure the delay between primary SPF completion and start of UCMP computation. UCMP computation will be done during the fast re-route computation (IPFRR does not need to be enabled for UCMP computation to be performed). If IPFRR is enabled, the fast re-route backup paths will be calculated for both the primary equal cost multipath ( ECMP) paths and the UCMP paths.

To manually adjust UCMP ratio, use any command that changes the metric of the link.

  • By using the bandwidth command in interface configuration mode

  • By adjusting the OSPF interface cost on the link

More than 32 ECMP and UCMP paths are not supported for these features:

  • LI

  • GRE

  • BVI

  • NetFlow

  • Satellite

  • MCAST

  • SPAN

  • PWHE

  • ABF

  • P2MP

  • MVPN

  • VPLS

  • L2TPv3

  • LISP

  • VIDMON

  • PBR

How to Implement OSPF

This section contains the following procedures:

Enabling OSPF

This task explains how to perform the minimum OSPF configuration on your router that is to enable an OSPF process with a router ID, configure a backbone or nonbackbone area, and then assign one or more interfaces on which OSPF runs.

Before you begin

Although you can configure OSPF before you configure an IP address, no OSPF routing occurs until at least one IP address is configured.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  3. router-id { router-id }
  4. area area-id
  5. interface type interface-path-id
  6. Repeat Step 5 for each interface that uses OSPF.
  7. log adjacency changes [ detail ] [ disable ]
  8. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IP address as the router ID.

Step 4

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0

Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for the OSPF process.

  • Backbone areas have an area ID of 0.

  • Nonbackbone areas have a nonzero area ID.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 5

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces for the area configured in Step 4.

Step 6

Repeat Step 5 for each interface that uses OSPF.

—

Step 7

log adjacency changes [ detail ] [ disable ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# log adjacency changes detail

(Optional) Requests notification of neighbor changes.

  • By default, this feature is enabled.

  • The messages generated by neighbor changes are considered notifications, which are categorized as severity Level 5 in the logging console command. The logging console command controls which severity level of messages are sent to the console. By default, all severity level messages are sent.

Step 8

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Configuring Stub and Not-So-Stubby Area Types

This task explains how to configure the stub area and the NSSA for OSPF.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  3. router-id  { router-id }
  4. area area-id
  5. Do one of the following:
    • stub [ no-summary ]
    • nssa [ no-redistribution ] [ default-information-originate ] [ no-summary ] [ translate ] [ translate always ]
  6. Do one of the following:
    • stub
    • nssa
  7. default-cost cost
  8. Use the commit or end command.
  9. Repeat this task on all other routers in the stub area or NSSA.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id  { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IP address as the router ID.

Step 4

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1

Enters area configuration mode and configures a nonbackbone area for the OSPF process.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 5

Do one of the following:

  • stub [ no-summary ]
  • nssa [ no-redistribution ] [ default-information-originate ] [ no-summary ] [ translate ] [ translate always ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# stub no summary

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# nssa no-redistribution

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# nssa translate <type number> always

Defines the nonbackbone area as a stub area.

  • Specify the no-summary keyword to further reduce the number of LSAs sent into a stub area. This keyword prevents the ABR from sending summary link-state advertisements (Type 3) in the stub area.

or

Defines an area as an NSSA.

Step 6

Do one of the following:

  • stub
  • nssa

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# stub

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# nssa

(Optional) Turns off the options configured for stub and NSSA areas.

  • If you configured the stub and NSSA areas using the optional keywords ( no-summary , no-redistribution , default-information-originate , and translate ) in Step 5, you must now reissue the stub and nssa commands without the keywords—rather than using the no form of the command.

  • For example, the no nssa default-information-originate form of the command changes the NSSA area into a normal area that inadvertently brings down the existing adjacencies in that area.

Step 7

default-cost cost

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#default-cost 15

(Optional) Specifies a cost for the default summary route sent into a stub area or an NSSA.

  • Use this command only on ABRs attached to the NSSA. Do not use it on any other routers in the area.

  • The default cost is 1.

Step 8

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Step 9

Repeat this task on all other routers in the stub area or NSSA.

—

Configuring Neighbors for Nonbroadcast Networks

This task explains how to configure neighbors for a nonbroadcast network. This task is optional.

Before you begin

Configuring NBMA networks as either broadcast or nonbroadcast assumes that there are virtual circuits from every router to every router or fully meshed network.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  3. router-id { router-id }
  4. area area-id
  5. network { broadcast | non-broadcast | { point-to-multipoint [ non-broadcast ] | point-to-point }}
  6. dead-interval seconds
  7. hello-interval seconds
  8. interface type interface-path-id
  9. Do one of the following:
    • neighbor ip-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ]
    • neighbor ipv6-link-local-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ] [ database-filter [ all ]]
  10. Repeat Step 9 for all neighbors on the interface.
  11. exit
  12. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IP address as the router ID.

Step 4

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0

Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for the OSPF process.

  • The example configures a backbone area.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 5

network { broadcast | non-broadcast | { point-to-multipoint [ non-broadcast ] | point-to-point }}

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# network non-broadcast

Configures the OSPF network type to a type other than the default for a given medium.

  • The example sets the network type to NBMA.

Step 6

dead-interval seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# dead-interval 40

(Optional) Sets the time to wait for a hello packet from a neighbor before declaring the neighbor down.

Step 7

hello-interval seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# hello-interval 10
(Optional) Specifies the interval between hello packets that OSPF sends on the interface.

Note

 

It is recommended to set the hello timer interval to the default of 10 seconds. OSPF sessions may flap during switchover if hello-interval timer configured is less then default value.

Step 8

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces for the area configured in Step 4.

  • In this example, the interface inherits the nonbroadcast network type and the hello and dead intervals from the areas because the values are not set at the interface level.

Step 9

Do one of the following:

  • neighbor ip-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ]
  • neighbor ipv6-link-local-address [ priority number ] [ poll-interval seconds ][ cost number ] [ database-filter [ all ]]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# neighbor 10.20.20.1 priority 3 poll-interval 15

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# neighbor fe80::3203:a0ff:fe9d:f3fe

Configures the IPv4 address of OSPF neighbors interconnecting to nonbroadcast networks.

or

Configures the link-local IPv6 address of OSPFv3 neighbors.

  • The ipv6-link-local-address argument must be in the form documented in RFC 2373 in which the address is specified in hexadecimal using 16-bit values between colons.

  • The priority keyword notifies the router that this neighbor is eligible to become a DR or BDR. The priority value should match the actual priority setting on the neighbor router. The neighbor priority default value is zero. This keyword does not apply to point-to-multipoint interfaces.

  • The poll-interval keyword does not apply to point-to-multipoint interfaces. RFC 1247 recommends that this value be much larger than the hello interval. The default is 120 seconds (2 minutes).

  • Neighbors with no specific cost configured assumes the cost of the interface, based on the cost command. On point-to-multipoint interfaces, cost number is the only keyword and argument combination that works. The cost keyword does not apply to NBMA networks.

  • The database-filter keyword filters outgoing LSAs to an OSPF neighbor. If you specify the all keyword, incoming and outgoing LSAs are filtered. Use with extreme caution since filtering may cause the routing topology to be seen as entirely different between two neighbors, resulting in black-holing of data traffic or routing loops.

Step 10

Repeat Step 9 for all neighbors on the interface.

—

Step 11

exit

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# exit

Enters area configuration mode.

Step 12

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Configuring Authentication at Different Hierarchical Levels for OSPF Version 2

This task explains how to configure MD5 (secure) authentication on the OSPF router process, configure one area with plain text authentication, and then apply one interface with clear text (null) authentication.


Note

Authentication configured at the interface level overrides authentication configured at the area level and the router process level. If an interface does not have authentication specifically configured, the interface inherits the authentication parameter value from a higher hierarchical level. See for more information about hierarchy and inheritance.

Before you begin

If you choose to configure authentication, you must first decide whether to configure plain text or MD5 authentication, and whether the authentication applies to all interfaces in a process, an entire area, or specific interfaces. See Route Authentication Methods for OSPF for information about each type of authentication and when you should use a specific method for your network.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. router-id  { router-id }
  4. authentication [ message-digest | null ]
  5. message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | encrypted key | LINE }
  6. area area-id
  7. interface type interface-path-id
  8. Repeat Step 7 for each interface that must communicate, using the same authentication.
  9. exit
  10. area area-id
  11. authentication [ message-digest | null ]
  12. interface type interface-path-id
  13. Repeat Step 12 for each interface that must communicate, using the same authentication.
  14. interface type interface-path-id
  15. authentication [ message-digest | null ]
  16. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id  { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Step 4

authentication [ message-digest | null ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#authentication message-digest

Enables MD5 authentication for the OSPF process.

  • This authentication type applies to the entire router process unless overridden by a lower hierarchical level such as the area or interface.

Step 5

message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | encrypted key | LINE }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#message-digest-key 4 md5 yourkey

Specifies the MD5 authentication key for the OSPF process.

  • The neighbor routers must have the same key identifier.

Step 6

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0

Enters area configuration mode and configures a backbone area for the OSPF process.

Step 7

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the backbone area.

  • All interfaces inherit the authentication parameter values specified for the OSPF process (Step 4, Step 5, and Step 6).

Step 8

Repeat Step 7 for each interface that must communicate, using the same authentication.

—

Step 9

exit

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# exit

Enters area OSPF configuration mode.

Step 10

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1

Enters area configuration mode and configures a nonbackbone area 1 for the OSPF process.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 11

authentication [ message-digest | null ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# authentication

Enables Type 1 (plain text) authentication that provides no security.

  • The example specifies plain text authentication (by not specifying a keyword). Use the authentication-key command in interface configuration mode to specify the plain text password.

Step 12

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/0

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the nonbackbone area 1 specified in Step 7.

  • All interfaces configured inherit the authentication parameter values configured for area 1.

Step 13

Repeat Step 12 for each interface that must communicate, using the same authentication.

—

Step 14

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to a different authentication type.

Step 15

authentication [ message-digest | null ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# authentication null

Specifies no authentication on GigabitEthernet interface 0/3/0/0, overriding the plain text authentication specified for area 1.

  • By default, all of the interfaces configured in the same area inherit the same authentication parameter values of the area.

Step 16

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Controlling the Frequency That the Same LSA Is Originated or Accepted for OSPF

This task explains how to tune the convergence time of OSPF routes in the routing table when many LSAs need to be flooded in a very short time interval.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  3. router-id  { router-id }
  4. Perform Step 5 or Step 6 or both to control the frequency that the same LSA is originated or accepted.
  5. timers lsa refresh seconds
  6. timers lsa min-arrival seconds
  7. timers lsa group-pacing seconds
  8. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id  { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IP address as the router ID.

Step 4

Perform Step 5 or Step 6 or both to control the frequency that the same LSA is originated or accepted.

—

Step 5

timers lsa refresh seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers lsa refresh 1800

Sets how often self-originated LSAs should be refreshed, in seconds.

  • The default is 1800 seconds for both OSPF and OSPFv3.

Step 6

timers lsa min-arrival seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers lsa min-arrival 2

Limits the frequency that new processes of any particular OSPF Version 2 LSA can be accepted during flooding.

  • The default is 1 second.

Step 7

timers lsa group-pacing seconds

Example:

RP/0/
/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers lsa group-pacing 1000

Changes the interval at which OSPF link-state LSAs are collected into a group for flooding.

  • The default is 240 seconds.

Step 8

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Creating a Virtual Link with MD5 Authentication to Area 0 for OSPF

This task explains how to create a virtual link to your backbone (area 0) and apply MD5 authentication. You must perform the steps described on both ABRs, one at each end of the virtual link. To understand virtual links, see Virtual Link and Transit Area for OSPF .


Note

After you explicitly configure area parameter values, they are inherited by all interfaces bound to that area—unless you override the values and configure them explicitly for the interface. An example is provided in Virtual Link Configured with MD5 Authentication for OSPF Version 2: Example.

Before you begin

The following prerequisites must be met before creating a virtual link with MD5 authentication to area 0:

  • You must have the router ID of the neighbor router at the opposite end of the link to configure the local router. You can execute the show ospf or show ospfv3 command on the remote router to get its router ID.

  • For a virtual link to be successful, you need a stable router ID at each end of the virtual link. You do not want them to be subject to change, which could happen if they are assigned by default. (See OSPF Process and Router ID for an explanation of how the router ID is determined.) Therefore, we recommend that you perform one of the following tasks before configuring a virtual link:

    • Use the router-id command to set the router ID. This strategy is preferable.

    • Configure a loopback interface so that the router has a stable router ID.

  • Before configuring your virtual link for OSPF Version 2, you must decide whether to configure plain text authentication, MD5 authentication, or no authentication (which is the default). Your decision determines whether you need to perform additional tasks related to authentication.


Note

If you decide to configure plain text authentication or no authentication, see the authentication command provided in OSPF Commands on module in Routing Command Reference for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. Do one of the following:
    • show ospf [ process-name ]
    • show ospfv3 [ process-name ]
  2. configure
  3. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  4. router-id  { router-id }
  5. area area-id
  6. virtual-link router-id
  7. authentication message-digest
  8. message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | encrypted key }
  9. Repeat all of the steps in this task on the ABR that is at the other end of the virtual link. Specify the same key ID and key that you specified for the virtual link on this router.
  10. Use the commit or end command.
  11. Do one of the following:
    • show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] virtual-links
    • show ospfv3 [ process-name ] virtual-links

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

Do one of the following:

  • show ospf [ process-name ]
  • show ospfv3 [ process-name ]

Example:


RP/0//CPU0:router# show ospf

or 


RP/0//CPU0:router# show ospfv3

(Optional) Displays general information about OSPF routing processes.

  • The output displays the router ID of the local router. You need this router ID to configure the other end of the link.

Step 2

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 3

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0//CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0//CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 4

router-id  { router-id }

Example:


RP/0//CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 5

area area-id

Example:


RP/0//CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1

Enters area configuration mode and configures a nonbackbone area for the OSPF process.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 6

virtual-link router-id

Example:

RRP/0//CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# virtual-link 10.3.4.5

Defines an OSPF virtual link.

  • See .

Step 7

authentication message-digest

Example:


RP/0//CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-vl)#authentication message-digest

Selects MD5 authentication for this virtual link.

Step 8

message-digest-key key-id md5 { key | clear key | encrypted key }

Example:


RP/0//CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-vl)#message-digest-key 4 md5 yourkey

Defines an OSPF virtual link.

  • See to understand a virtual link.

  • The key-id argument is a number in the range from 1 to 255. The key argument is an alphanumeric string of up to 16 characters. The routers at both ends of the virtual link must have the same key identifier and key to be able to route OSPF traffic.

  • The authentication-key key command is not supported for OSPFv3.

  • Once the key is encrypted it must remain encrypted.

Step 9

Repeat all of the steps in this task on the ABR that is at the other end of the virtual link. Specify the same key ID and key that you specified for the virtual link on this router.

—

Step 10

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Step 11

Do one of the following:

  • show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] virtual-links
  • show ospfv3 [ process-name ] virtual-links

Example:


RP/0//CPU0:router# show ospf 1 2 virtual-links

or 


RP/0//CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1 virtual-links

(Optional) Displays the parameters and the current state of OSPF virtual links.

Examples

In the following example, the show ospfv3 virtual links XR EXEC command verifies that the OSPF_VL0 virtual link to the OSPFv3 neighbor is up, the ID of the virtual link interface is 2, and the IPv6 address of the virtual link endpoint is 2003:3000::1. 


   show ospfv3 virtual-links
  
  Virtual Links for OSPFv3 1
  
  Virtual Link OSPF_VL0 to router 10.0.0.3 is up
    Interface ID 2, IPv6 address 2003:3000::1
    Run as demand circuit
    DoNotAge LSA allowed.
    Transit area 0.1.20.255, via interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/1, Cost of using 2
    Transmit Delay is 5 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
    Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
      Hello due in 00:00:02
      Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)
      Index 0/2/3, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1
      First 0(0)/0(0)/0(0) Next 0(0)/0(0)/0(0)
      Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1
      Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  
  Check for lines:
  Virtual Link OSPF_VL0 to router 10.0.0.3 is up
      Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)
  
  State is up and Adjacency State is FULL

Summarizing Subnetwork LSAs on an OSPF ABR

If you configured two or more subnetworks when you assigned your IP addresses to your interfaces, you might want the software to summarize (aggregate) into a single LSA all of the subnetworks that the local area advertises to another area. Such summarization would reduce the number of LSAs and thereby conserve network resources. This summarization is known as interarea route summarization. It applies to routes from within the autonomous system. It does not apply to external routes injected into OSPF by way of redistribution.

This task configures OSPF to summarize subnetworks into one LSA, by specifying that all subnetworks that fall into a range are advertised together. This task is performed on an ABR only.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  3. router-id { router-id }
  4. area area-id
  5. Do one of the following:
    • range ip-address mask [ advertise | not-advertise ]
    • range ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ advertise | not-advertise ]
  6. interface type interface-path-id
  7. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 4

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area

Enters area configuration mode and configures a nonbackbone area for the OSPF process.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 5

Do one of the following:

  • range ip-address mask [ advertise | not-advertise ]
  • range ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ advertise | not-advertise ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# range 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 advertise

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# range 4004:f000::/32 advertise

Consolidates and summarizes OSPF routes at an area boundary.

  • The advertise keyword causes the software to advertise the address range of subnetworks in a Type 3 summary LSA.

  • The not-advertise keyword causes the software to suppress the Type 3 summary LSA, and the subnetworks in the range remain hidden from other areas.

  • In the first example, all subnetworks for network 192.168.0.0 are summarized and advertised by the ABR into areas outside the backbone.

  • In the second example, two or more IPv4 interfaces are covered by a 192.x.x network.

Step 6

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/3

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area.

Step 7

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Redistribute Routes into OSPF

This task redistributes routes from an IGP (could be a different OSPF process) into OSPF.

Before you begin

For information about configuring routing policy, see Implementing Routing Policy on module in the Routing Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  3. router-id  { router-id }
  4. redistribute protocol [ process-id ] { level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2 } [ metric metric-value ] [ metric-type type-value ] [ match { external [ 1 | 2 ]} [ tag tag-value ] [ route-policy policy-name ]
  5. Do one of the following:
    • summary-prefix address mask [ not-advertise ] [ tag tag ]
    • summary-prefix ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ not-advertise ] [ tag tag ]
  6. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id  { router-id }

Example:

RRP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 4

redistribute protocol [ process-id ] { level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2 } [ metric metric-value ] [ metric-type type-value ] [ match { external [ 1 | 2 ]} [ tag tag-value ] [ route-policy policy-name ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# redistribute bgp 100

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-router)#redistribute bgp 110

Redistributes OSPF routes from one routing domain to another routing domain.

or

Redistributes OSPFv3 routes from one routing domain to another routing domain.

  • This command causes the router to become an ASBR by definition.

  • OSPF tags all routes learned through redistribution as external.

  • The protocol and its process ID, if it has one, indicate the protocol being redistributed into OSPF.

  • The metric is the cost you assign to the external route. The default is 20 for all protocols except BGP, whose default metric is 1.

  • The OSPF example redistributes BGP autonomous system 1, Level 1 routes into OSPF as Type 2 external routes.

  • The OSPFv3 example redistributes BGP autonomous system 1, Level 1 and 2 routes into OSPF. The external link type associated with the default route advertised into the OSPFv3 routing domain is the Type 1 external route.

Note

 

RPL is not supported for OSPFv3.

Step 5

Do one of the following:

  • summary-prefix address mask [ not-advertise ] [ tag tag ]
  • summary-prefix ipv6-prefix / prefix-length [ not-advertise ] [ tag tag ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# summary-prefix 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-router)# summary-prefix 2010:11:22::/32

(Optional) Creates aggregate addresses for OSPF.

or

(Optional) Creates aggregate addresses for OSPFv3.

  • This command provides external route summarization of the non-OSPF routes.

  • External ranges that are being summarized should be contiguous. Summarization of overlapping ranges from two different routers could cause packets to be sent to the wrong destination.

  • This command is optional. If you do not specify it, each route is included in the link-state database and advertised in LSAs.

  • In the OSPFv2 example, the summary address 10.1.0.0 includes address 10.1.1.0, 10.1.2.0, 10.1.3.0, and so on. Only the address 10.1.0.0 is advertised in an external LSA.

  • In the OSPFv3 example, the summary address 2010:11:22::/32 has addresses such as 2010:11:22:0:1000::1, 2010:11:22:0:2000:679:1, and so on. Only the address 2010:11:22::/32 is advertised in the external LSA.

Step 6

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Configuring OSPF Shortest Path First Throttling

This task explains how to configure SPF scheduling in millisecond intervals and potentially delay SPF calculations during times of network instability. This task is optional.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. Do one of the following:
    • router ospf process-name
    • router ospfv3 process-name
  3. router-id  { router-id }
  4. timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait
  5. area area-id
  6. interface type interface-path-id
  7. Use the commit or end command.
  8. Do one of the following:
    • show ospf [ process-name ]
    • show ospfv3 [ process-name ]

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

Do one of the following:

  • router ospf process-name
  • router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

or

Enables OSPFv3 routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router ospfv3 configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id  { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 4

timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers throttle spf 10 4800 90000

Sets SPF throttling timers.

Step 5

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#  area 0

Enters area configuration mode and configures a backbone area.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 6

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area.

Step 7

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Step 8

Do one of the following:

  • show ospf [ process-name ]
  • show ospfv3 [ process-name ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 1

or 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 2

(Optional) Displays SPF throttling timers.

Examples

In the following example, the show ospf XR EXEC command is used to verify that the initial SPF schedule delay time, minimum hold time, and maximum wait time are configured correctly. Additional details are displayed about the OSPF process, such as the router type and redistribution of routes. 


 show ospf 1
  
  Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 192.168.4.3
   Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
   Supports opaque LSA
   It is an autonomous system boundary router
   Redistributing External Routes from,
      ospf 2
   Initial SPF schedule delay 5 msecs
   Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 100 msecs
   Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 1000 msecs
   Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
   Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 00000000
   Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 00000000
   Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
   Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
   Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
   External flood list length 0
   Non-Stop Forwarding enabled

Note

For a description of each output display field, see the show ospf command in the OSPF Commands on module in Routing Command Reference for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers.

Configuring Nonstop Forwarding Specific to Cisco for OSPF Version 2

This task explains how to configure OSPF NSF specific to Cisco on your NSF-capable router. This task is optional.

Before you begin

OSPF NSF requires that all neighbor networking devices be NSF aware, which happens automatically after you install the Cisco IOS XR software image on the router. If an NSF-capable router discovers that it has non-NSF-aware neighbors on a particular network segment, it disables NSF capabilities for that segment. Other network segments composed entirely of NSF-capable or NSF-aware routers continue to provide NSF capabilities.


Note

The following are restrictions when configuring nonstop forwarding:

  • OSPF Cisco NSF for virtual links is not supported.

  • Neighbors must be NSF aware.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. router-id { router-id }
  4. Do one of the following:
    • nsf cisco
    • nsf cisco enforce global
  5. nsf interval seconds
  6. nsf flush-delay-time seconds
  7. nsf lifetime seconds
  8. nsf ietf
  9. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 4

Do one of the following:

  • nsf cisco
  • nsf cisco enforce global

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsf cisco enforce global

Enables Cisco NSF operations for the OSPF process.

  • Use the nsf cisco command without the optional enforce and global keywords to abort the NSF restart mechanism on the interfaces of detected non-NSF neighbors and allow NSF neighbors to function properly.

  • Use the nsf cisco command with the optional enforce and global keywords if the router is expected to perform NSF during restart. However, if non-NSF neighbors are detected, NSF restart is canceled for the entire OSPF process.

Step 5

nsf interval seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsf interval 120

Sets the minimum time between NSF restart attempts.

Note

 

When you use this command, the OSPF process must be up for at least 90 seconds before OSPF attempts to perform an NSF restart.

Step 6

nsf flush-delay-time seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#nsf flush-delay-time 1000

Sets the maximum time allowed for external route learning in seconds.

Step 7

nsf lifetime seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#nsf lifetime 90

Sets the maximum route lifetime of NSF following a restart in seconds.

Step 8

nsf ietf

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#nsf ietf

Enables ietf graceful restart.

Step 9

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Configuring OSPF Version 2 for MPLS Traffic Engineering

This task explains how to configure OSPF for MPLS TE. This task is optional.

For a description of the MPLS TE tasks and commands that allow you to configure the router to support tunnels, configure an MPLS tunnel that OSPF can use, and troubleshoot MPLS TE, see Implementing MPLS Traffic Engineering on module of the MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers

Before you begin

Your network must support the following features before you enable MPLS TE for OSPF on your router:

  • MPLS

  • IP Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)


Note

You must enter the commands in the following task on every OSPF router in the traffic-engineered portion of your network.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. router-id { router-id }
  4. mpls traffic-eng router-id interface-type interface-instance
  5. area area-id
  6. mpls traffic-eng
  7. interface type interface-path-id
  8. Use the commit or end command.
  9. show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] mpls traffic-eng { link | fragment }

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router-id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 4

mpls traffic-eng router-id interface-type interface-instance

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls traffic-eng router-id loopback 0

(Optional) Specifies that the traffic engineering router identifier for the node is the IP address associated with a given interface.

  • This IP address is flooded to all nodes in TE LSAs.

  • For all traffic engineering tunnels originating at other nodes and ending at this node, you must set the tunnel destination to the traffic engineering router identifier of the destination node because that is the address that the traffic engineering topology database at the tunnel head uses for its path calculation.

  • We recommend that loopback interfaces be used for MPLS TE router ID because they are more stable than physical interfaces.

Step 5

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 0

Enters area configuration mode and configures an area for the OSPF process.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area.

Step 6

mpls traffic-eng

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls traffic-eng

Configures the MPLS TE under the OSPF area.

Step 7

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface interface loopback0

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area.

Step 8

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Step 9

show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] mpls traffic-eng { link | fragment }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 1 0 mpls traffic-eng link

(Optional) Displays information about the links and fragments available on the local router for MPLS TE.

Examples

This section provides the following output examples:

Sample Output for the show ospf Command Before Configuring MPLS TE

In the following example, the show route ospf XR EXEC command verifies that GigabitEthernet interface 0/3/0/0 exists and MPLS TE is not configured: 


 show route ospf 1
  
  O    11.0.0.0/24 [110/15] via 0.0.0.0, 3d19h, tunnel-te1
  O    192.168.0.12/32 [110/11] via 11.1.0.2, 3d19h, GigabitEthernet0/3/0/0
  O    192.168.0.13/32 [110/6] via 0.0.0.0, 3d19h, tunnel-te1
Sample Output for the show ospf mpls traffic-eng Command

In the following example, the show ospf mpls traffic-eng XR EXEC command verifies that the MPLS TE fragments are configured correctly: 


   show ospf 1 mpls traffic-eng fragment
  
  OSPF Router with ID (192.168.4.3) (Process ID 1)
  
    Area 0 has 1  MPLS TE fragment. Area instance is 3.
    MPLS router address is 192.168.4.2
    Next fragment ID is 1
  
    Fragment 0 has 1 link. Fragment instance is 3.
    Fragment has 0 link the same as last update.
    Fragment advertise MPLS router address
      Link is associated with fragment 0. Link instance is 3
        Link connected to Point-to-Point network
        Link ID :55.55.55.55
        Interface Address :192.168.50.21
        Neighbor Address :192.168.4.1
        Admin Metric :0
        Maximum bandwidth :19440000
        Maximum global pool reservable bandwidth :25000000
        Maximum sub pool reservable bandwidth    :3125000
        Number of Priority :8
        Global pool unreserved BW 
        Priority 0 :  25000000  Priority 1 :  25000000
        Priority 2 :  25000000  Priority 3 :  25000000
        Priority 4 :  25000000  Priority 5 :  25000000
        Priority 6 :  25000000  Priority 7 :  25000000
        Sub pool unreserved BW 
        Priority 0 :   3125000  Priority 1 :   3125000
        Priority 2 :   3125000  Priority 3 :   3125000
        Priority 4 :   3125000  Priority 5 :   3125000
        Priority 6 :   3125000  Priority 7 :   3125000
        Affinity Bit :0

In the following example, the show ospf mpls traffic-eng XR EXEC command verifies that the MPLS TE links on area instance 3 are configured correctly: 


 show ospf mpls traffic-eng link
  
              OSPF Router with ID (192.168.4.1) (Process ID 1)
  
    Area 0 has 1  MPLS TE links. Area instance is 3.
  
    Links in hash bucket 53.
      Link is associated with fragment 0. Link instance is 3
        Link connected to Point-to-Point network
        Link ID :192.168.50.20
        Interface Address :192.168.20.50
        Neighbor Address :192.168.4.1
        Admin Metric :0
        Maximum bandwidth :19440000
        Maximum global pool reservable bandwidth :25000000
        Maximum sub pool reservable bandwidth    :3125000
        Number of Priority :8
        Global pool unreserved BW 
        Priority 0 :  25000000  Priority 1 :  25000000
        Priority 2 :  25000000  Priority 3 :  25000000
        Priority 4 :  25000000  Priority 5 :  25000000
        Priority 6 :  25000000  Priority 7 :  25000000
        Sub pool unreserved BW 
        Priority 0 :   3125000  Priority 1 :   3125000
        Priority 2 :   3125000  Priority 3 :   3125000
        Priority 4 :   3125000  Priority 5 :   3125000
        Priority 6 :   3125000  Priority 7 :   3125000
        Affinity Bit :0
Sample Output for the show ospf Command After Configuring MPLS TE

In the following example, the show route ospf XR EXEC command verifies that the MPLS TE tunnels replaced GigabitEthernet interface 0/3/0/0 and that configuration was performed correctly: 


 show route ospf 1
  
  O E2 192.168.10.0/24 [110/20] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2
  O E2 192.168.11.0/24 [110/20] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2
  O E2 192.168.1244.0/24 [110/20] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2
  O    192.168.12.0/24 [110/2] via 0.0.0.0, 00:00:15, tunnel2

Configuring OSPFv3 Graceful Restart

This task explains how to configure a graceful restart for an OSPFv3 process. This task is optional.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospfv3 process-name
  3. graceful-restart
  4. graceful-restart lifetime
  5. graceful-restart interval seconds
  6. graceful-restart helper disable
  7. Use the commit or end command.
  8. show ospfv3 [ process-name [ area-id ]] database grace

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospfv3 process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 test

Enters router configuration mode for OSPFv3. The process name is a WORD that uniquely identifies an OSPF routing process. The process name is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters without spaces.

Step 3

graceful-restart

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)#graceful-restart

Enables graceful restart on the current router.

Step 4

graceful-restart lifetime

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# graceful-restart lifetime 120

Specifies a maximum duration for a graceful restart.

  • The default lifetime is 95 seconds.

  • The range is 90 to 3600 seconds.

Step 5

graceful-restart interval seconds

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# graceful-restart interval 120

Specifies the interval (minimal time) between graceful restarts on the current router.

  • The default value for the interval is 90 seconds.

  • The range is 90 to 3600 seconds.

Step 6

graceful-restart helper disable

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# graceful-restart helper disable

Disables the helper capability.

Step 7

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Step 8

show ospfv3 [ process-name [ area-id ]] database grace

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1 database grace

Displays the state of the graceful restart link.

Displaying Information About Graceful Restart

This section describes the tasks you can use to display information about a graceful restart.

  • To see if the feature is enabled and when the last graceful restart ran, use the show ospf command. To see details for an OSPFv3 instance, use the show ospfv3 process-name [ area-id ] database grace command.

Displaying the State of the Graceful Restart Feature

The following screen output shows the state of the graceful restart capability on the local router:


  RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1
  
   Routing Process “ospfv3 1” with ID 198.51.100.1
   Initial SPF schedule delay 5000 msecs
   Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
   Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs
   Initial LSA throttle delay 0 msecs
   Minimum hold time for LSA throttle 5000 msecs
   Maximum wait time for LSA throttle 5000 msecs
   Minimum LSA arrival 1000 msecs
   LSA group pacing timer 240 secs
   Interface flood pacing timer 33 msecs
   Retransmission pacing timer 66 msecs
   Maximum number of configured interfaces 255
   Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 00000000
   Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
   Graceful Restart enabled, last GR 11:12:26 ago (took 6 secs)
      Area BACKBONE(0)
          Number of interfaces in this area is 1
          SPF algorithm executed 1 times
          Number of LSA 6. Checksum Sum 0x0268a7
          Number of DCbitless LSA 0
          Number of indication LSA 0
          Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
          Flood list length 0
Displaying Graceful Restart Information for an OSPFv3 Instance

The following screen output shows the link state for an OSPFv3 instance:


  RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospfv3 1 database grace
  
              OSPFv3 Router with ID (192.0.2.1) (Process ID 1)

              Grace (Type-11) Link States (Area 0)

  LS age: 2
  LS Type: Grace Links
  Link State ID: 34
  Advertising Router: 192.0.2.1
  LS Seq Number: 80000001
  Checksum: 0x7a4a
  Length: 36
      Grace Period : 90
      Graceful Restart Reason : Software reload/upgrade

Enabling Nonstop Routing for OSPFv2

This optional task describes how to enable nonstop routing (NSR) for OSPFv2 process. NSR is disabled by default. When NSR is enabled, OSPF process on the active RP synchronizes all necessary data and states with the OSPF process on the standby RP. When the switchover happens, OSPF process on the newly active RP has all the necessary data and states to continue running and does not require any help from its neighbors.

Procedure

Step 1

configure

Enter the global configuration mode.

Step 2

router ospf instance-id

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf isp

Enable OSPF routing for the specified routing process. In this example, the OSPF instance is called isp.

Step 3

nsr

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsr

Enable NSR for the OSPFv2 process.

Step 4

commit

Commit your configuration.

Enabling Nonstop Routing for OSPFv3

This task describes how to enable nonstop routing (NSR) for OSPFv3 process. NSR is disabled by default. When NSR is enabled, OSPF process on the active RP synchronizes all necessary data and states with the OSPF process on the standby RP. When the switchover happens, OSPF process on the newly active RP has all the necessary data and states to continue running and does not require any help from its neighbors.

Procedure

Step 1

configure

Enter the global configuration mode.

Step 2

router ospfv3 instance-id

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospfv3 isp

Enable OSPF routing for the specified routing process. In this example, the OSPF instance is called isp.

Step 3

nsr

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)# nsr

Enable NSR for the OSPFv3 process.

Step 4

commit

Commit your configuration.

Configuring OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization

Perform this task to configure OSPF SPF (shortest path first) prefix prioritization.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. prefix-set prefix-set name
  3. route-policy route-policy name if destination in prefix-set name then set spf-priority {critical | high | medium } endif
  4. Use one of these commands:
    • router ospf ospf-name
    • router ospfv3 ospfv3-name
  5. spf prefix-priority route-policy route-policy name
  6. Use the commit or end command.
  7. show rpl route-policy route-policy name detail

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

prefix-set prefix-set name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#prefix-set ospf-critical-prefixes
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-pfx)#66.0.0.0/16
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-pfx)#end-set

Configures the prefix set.

Step 3

route-policy route-policy name if destination in prefix-set name then set spf-priority {critical | high | medium } endif

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#route-policy ospf-spf-priority
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-rpl)#if destination in ospf-critical-prefixes then
 set spf-priority critical 
endif
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-rpl)#end-policy

Configures route policy and sets OSPF SPF priority.

Step 4

Use one of these commands:

  • router ospf ospf-name
  • router ospfv3 ospfv3-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# router ospf 1

Or


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# router ospfv3 1

Enters Router OSPF configuration mode.

Step 5

spf prefix-priority route-policy route-policy name

Example:

Or

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospfv3)#spf prefix-priority route-policy ospf3-spf-priority

Configures SPF prefix-priority for the defined route policy.

Note

 

Configure the spf prefix-priority command under router OSPF.

Step 6

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Step 7

show rpl route-policy route-policy name detail

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#show rpl route-policy ospf-spf-priority detail
  prefix-set ospf-critical-prefixes
    66.0.0.0/16
  end-set
  !
  route-policy ospf-spf-priority
    if destination in ospf-critical-prefixes then
      set spf-priority critical
    endif
  end-policy
  !

Displays the set SPF prefix priority.

Configuring Multi-area Adjacency

This task explains how to create multiple areas on an OSPF primary interface.

Before you begin


Note

You can configure multi-area adjacency on any interface where only two OSF speakers are attached. In the case of native broadcast networks, the interface must be configured as an OPSF point-to-point type using the network point-to-point command to enable the interface for a multi-area adjacency.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. area area-id
  4. interface type interface-path-id
  5. area area-id
  6. multi-area-interface type interface-path-id
  7. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#  area 0

Enters area configuration mode and configures a backbone area.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 4

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface Serial 0/1/0/3

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area.

Step 5

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#  area 1

Enters area configuration mode and configures an area used for multiple area adjacency.

  • The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 6

multi-area-interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# multi-area-interface Serial 0/1/0/3

Enables multiple adjacencies for different OSPF areas and enters multi-area interface configuration mode

Step 7

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Configuring Label Distribution Protocol IGP Auto-configuration for OSPF

This task explains how to configure LDP auto-configuration for an OSPF instance.

Optionally, you can configure this feature for an area of an OSPF instance.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. mpls ldp auto-config
  4. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

mpls ldp auto-config

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#  mpls ldp auto-config

Enables LDP IGP interface auto-configuration for an OSPF instance.

  • Optionally, this command can be configured for an area of an OSPF instance.

Step 4

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Configuring LDP IGP Synchronization: OSPF

Perform this task to configure LDP IGP Synchronization under OSPF.


Note

By default, there is no synchronization between LDP and IGPs.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. Use one of the following commands:
    • mpls ldp sync
    • area area-id mpls ldp sync
    • area area-id interface name mpls ldp sync
  4. commit

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 100

Identifies the OSPF routing process and enters OSPF configuration mode.

Step 3

Use one of the following commands:

  • mpls ldp sync
  • area area-id mpls ldp sync
  • area area-id interface name mpls ldp sync

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# mpls ldp sync

Enables LDP IGP synchronization on an interface.

Step 4

commit

Configuring Authentication Message Digest Management for OSPF

This task explains how to manage authentication of a keychain on the OSPF interface.

Before you begin

A valid keychain must be configured before this task can be attempted.

To learn how to configure a keychain and its associated attributes, see the Implementing Key Chain Management on module of the System Security Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. router-id { router-id }
  4. area area-id
  5. interface type interface-path-id
  6. authentication[ message-digest keychain | null]
  7. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router id 192.168.4.3

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 4

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1

Enters area configuration mode.

The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 5

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEthernet0/4/0/1

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area.

Step 6

authentication[ message-digest keychain | null]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# authentication message-digest keychain ospf_int1

Configures an MD5 keychain.

Note

 

In the example, the ospf_intl keychain must be configured before you attempt this step.

Step 7

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Examples

The following example shows how to configure the keychain ospf_intf_1 that contains five key IDs. Each key ID is configured with different send-lifetime values; however, all key IDs specify the same text string for the key. 


  key chain ospf_intf_1
  key 1
  send-lifetime 11:30:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
  cryptographic-algorithm MD5T
  key-string clear ospf_intf_1
  key 2
  send-lifetime 11:40:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
  cryptographic-algorithm MD5
  key-string clear ospf_intf_1
  key 3
  send-lifetime 11:50:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
  cryptographic-algorithm MD5
  key-string clear ospf_intf_1
  key 4
  send-lifetime 12:00:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
  cryptographic-algorithm MD5
  key-string clear ospf_intf_1
  key 5
  send-lifetime 12:10:30 May 1 2007 duration 600
  cryptographic-algorithm MD5
  key-string clear ospf_intf_1

The following example shows that keychain authentication is enabled on the Gigabit Ethernet 0/4/0/1 interface: 


 show ospf 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/4/0/1
  
  GigabitEthernet0/4/0/1 is up, line protocol is up 
    Internet Address 100.10.10.2/24, Area 0 
    Process ID 1, Router ID 2.2.2.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
    Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1 
    Designated Router (ID) 2.2.2.1, Interface address 100.10.10.2
    Backup Designated router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 100.10.10.1
    Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
      Hello due in 00:00:02
    Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
    Next 0(0)/0(0)
    Last flood scan length is 2, maximum is 16
    Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
    Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
      Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1  (Backup Designated Router)
    Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
    Keychain-based authentication enabled
      Key id used is 3
    Multi-area interface Count is 0

The following example shows output for configured keys that are active: 


 show key chain ospf_intf_1
  
  Key-chain: ospf_intf_1/ -
  
  Key 1 -- text "0700325C4836100B0314345D"
    cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
    Send lifetime:   11:30:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600 
    Accept lifetime: Not configured
  Key 2 -- text "10411A0903281B051802157A"
    cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
    Send lifetime:   11:40:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600 
    Accept lifetime: Not configured
  Key 3 -- text "06091C314A71001711112D5A"
    cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
    Send lifetime:   11:50:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600  [Valid now]
    Accept lifetime: Not configured
  Key 4 -- text "151D181C0215222A3C350A73"
    cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
    Send lifetime:   12:00:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600 
    Accept lifetime: Not configured
  Key 5 -- text "151D181C0215222A3C350A73"
    cryptographic-algorithm -- MD5
    Send lifetime:   12:10:30, 01 May 2007 - (Duration) 600 
    Accept lifetime: Not configured

Configuring Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) for OSPF

This task explains how to set the security time-to-live mechanism on an interface for GTSM.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. router-id { router-id }
  4. log adjacency changes [ detail | disable ]
  5. nsf { cisco [ enforce global ] | ietf [ helper disable ]}
  6. timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait
  7. area area-id
  8. interface type interface-path-id
  9. security ttl [ disable | hops hop-count ]
  10. Use the commit or end command.
  11. show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] interface [ type interface-path-id ]

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf 1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

router-id { router-id }

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# router id 10.10.10.100

Configures a router ID for the OSPF process.

Note

 

We recommend using a stable IPv4 address as the router ID.

Step 4

log adjacency changes [ detail | disable ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# log adjacency changes detail

(Optional) Requests notification of neighbor changes.

  • By default, this feature is enabled.

  • The messages generated by neighbor changes are considered notifications, which are categorized as severity Level 5 in the logging console command. The logging console command controls which severity level of messages are sent to the console. By default, all severity level messages are sent.

Step 5

nsf { cisco [ enforce global ] | ietf [ helper disable ]}

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# nsf ietf

(Optional) Configures NSF OSPF protocol.

The example enables graceful restart.

Step 6

timers throttle spf spf-start spf-hold spf-max-wait

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# timers throttle spf 500 500 10000

(Optional) Sets SPF throttling timers.

Step 7

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# area 1

Enters area configuration mode.

The area-id argument can be entered in dotted-decimal or IPv4 address notation, such as area 1000 or area 0.0.3.232. However, you must choose one form or the other for an area. We recommend using the IPv4 address notation.

Step 8

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# interface GigabitEternet0/5/0/0

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area.

Step 9

security ttl [ disable | hops hop-count ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)# security ttl hopes 2

Sets the security TTL value in the IP header for OSPF packets.

Step 10

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Step 11

show ospf [ process-name ] [ area-id ] interface [ type interface-path-id ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/5/0/0

Displays OSPF interface information.

Examples

The following is sample output that displays the GTSM security TTL value configured on an OSPF interface: 


 show ospf 1 interface GigabitEthernet0/5/0/0
  
  GigabitEthernet0/5/0/0 is up, line protocol is up 
    Internet Address 120.10.10.1/24, Area 0 
    Process ID 1, Router ID 100.100.100.100, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
    Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1 
    TTL security enabled, hop count 2
    Designated Router (ID) 102.102.102.102, Interface address 120.10.10.3
    Backup Designated router (ID) 100.100.100.100, Interface address 120.10.10.1
    Flush timer for old DR LSA due in 00:02:36
    Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
      Hello due in 00:00:05
    Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
    Next 0(0)/0(0)
    Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 4
    Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
    Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
      Adjacent with neighbor 102.102.102.102  (Designated Router)
    Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
    Multi-area interface Count is 0

Verifying OSPF Configuration and Operation

This task explains how to verify the configuration and operation of OSPF.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ]
  2. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] border-routers [ router-id ]
  3. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] database
  4. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ area-id ] flood-list interface type interface-path-id
  5. show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ area-id ] interface [ type interface-path-id ]
  6. show { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] [ area-id ] neighbor [ t ype interface- path-id ] [ neighbor-id ] [ detail ]
  7. clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] process
  8. clear {ospf |ospfv3 [ process-name ] redistribution
  9. clear {ospf |ospfv3 [ process-name ] routes
  10. clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] statistics [ neighbor [ type interface-path-id ] [ ip-address ]]

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf group1

(Optional) Displays general information about OSPF routing processes.

Step 2

show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] border-routers [ router-id ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf group1 border-routers

(Optional) Displays the internal OSPF routing table entries to an ABR and ASBR.

Step 3

show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] database

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf group2 database

(Optional) Displays the lists of information related to the OSPF database for a specific router.

  • The various forms of this command deliver information about different OSPF LSAs.

Step 4

show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ area-id ] flood-list interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 100 flood-list interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

(Optional) Displays a list of OSPF LSAs waiting to be flooded over an interface.

Step 5

show { ospf | ospfv3 } [ process-name ] [ area-id ] interface [ type interface-path-id ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 100 interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0

(Optional) Displays OSPF interface information.

Step 6

show { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] [ area-id ] neighbor [ t ype interface- path-id ] [ neighbor-id ] [ detail ]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show ospf 100 neighbor

(Optional) Displays OSPF neighbor information on an individual interface basis.

Step 7

clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] process

Example:

RP/0/
/CPU0:router# clear ospf 100 process

(Optional) Resets an OSPF router process without stopping and restarting it.

Step 8

clear {ospf |ospfv3 [ process-name ] redistribution

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#clear ospf 100 redistribution

Clears OSPF route redistribution.

Step 9

clear {ospf |ospfv3 [ process-name ] routes

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#clear ospf 100 routes

Clears OSPF route table.

Step 10

clear { ospf | ospfv3 }[ process-name ] statistics [ neighbor [ type interface-path-id ] [ ip-address ]]

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# clear ospf 100 statistics

(Optional) Clears the OSPF statistics of neighbor state transitions.

Configuring OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters

The following procedures explain how to limit the number of continuous incoming events processed, how to set the maximum number of rate-limited link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per run, how to limit the number of summary or external Type 3 to Type 7 link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per shortest path first (SPF) run, and how to set the high watermark for incoming priority events.

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. queue dispatch incoming count
  4. queue dispatch rate-limited-lsa count
  5. queue dispatch spf-lsa-limit count
  6. queue limit { high | medium | low } count

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# router ospf ospf1

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Note

 

The process-name argument is any alphanumeric string no longer than 40 characters.

Step 3

queue dispatch incoming count

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# queue dispatch incoming 30

Limits the number of continuous incoming events processed.

Step 4

queue dispatch rate-limited-lsa count

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# queue dispatch rate-limited-lsa 3000

Sets the maximum number of rate-limited link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per run.

Step 5

queue dispatch spf-lsa-limit count

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# queue dispatch spf-lsa-limit 2000

Limits the number of summary or external Type 3 to Type 7 link-state advertisements (LSAs) processed per shortest path first (SPF) run.

Step 6

queue limit { high | medium | low } count

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# (config-ospf)# queue limit high 1000

Sets the high watermark for incoming priority events, use the queue limit in router configuration mode.

IGP link state

IGP Link-State Database Distribution

A given BGP node may have connections to multiple, independent routing domains. IGP link-state database distribution into BGP-LS is supported for both OSPF and IS-IS protocols in order to distribute this information on to controllers or applications that desire to build paths spanning or including these multiple domains.

To distribute OSPFv2 link-state data using BGP-LS, use the distribute link-state command in router configuration mode. 


Router# configure
Router(config)# router ospf 100
Router(config-ospf)# distribute link-state instance-id 32

Configuring IP Fast Reroute Loop-free Alternate

This task describes how to enable the IP fast reroute (IPFRR) per-link loop-free alternate (LFA) computation to converge traffic flows around link failures.

To enable protection on broadcast links, IPFRR and bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) must be enabled on the interface under OSPF.

Enabling IPFRR LFA

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. area area-id
  4. interface type interface-path-id
  5. fast-reroute per-link { enable | disable }
  6. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Step 3

area area-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#area 1

Enters area configuration mode.

Step 4

interface type interface-path-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#  interface GigabitEternet0/5/0/0

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area. .

Step 5

fast-reroute per-link { enable | disable }

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#fast-reroute per-link enable

Enables or disables per-link LFA computation for the interface.

Step 6

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Excluding an Interface From IP Fast Reroute Per-link Computation

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf process-name
  3. area area-id
  4. interface type interface-path-id
  5. fast-reroute per-link exclude interface type interface-path-id
  6. Use the commit or end command.

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf process-name

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf

Enables the OSPF routing for the specified routing process and places the router in router configuration mode.

Step 3

area area-id

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#area area-id

Enters area configuration mode.

Step 4

interface type interface-path-id

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#interface type interface-path-id

Enters interface configuration mode and associates one or more interfaces to the area.

Step 5

fast-reroute per-link exclude interface type interface-path-id

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)# fast-reroute per-link exclude interface GigabitEternet0/5/0/1

Excludes an interface from IP fast reroute per-link computation.

Step 6

Use the commit or end command.

commit —Saves the configuration changes and remains within the configuration session.

end —Prompts user to take one of these actions:

  • Yes — Saves configuration changes and exits the configuration session.

  • No —Exits the configuration session without committing the configuration changes.

  • Cancel —Remains in the configuration session, without committing the configuration changes.

Enabling OSPF Interaction with SRMS Server

To enable OSPF interaction with SRMS server:

SUMMARY STEPS

  1. configure
  2. router ospf instance-id
  3. segment-routing mpls
  4. segment-routing forwarding mpls
  5. segment-routing prefix-sid-map advertise-local
  6. segment-routing sr-prefer prefix-list [acl-name]

DETAILED STEPS

  Command or Action Purpose

Step 1

configure

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# configure

Enters XR Config mode.

Step 2

router ospf instance-id

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)# router ospf isp

Enables OSPF routing for the specified routing instance, and places the router in router configuration mode.

Step 3

segment-routing mpls

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# segment-routing mpls

Step 4

segment-routing forwarding mpls

Example:


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# segment-routing forwarding mpls

Enables SR forwarding on all interfaces where this instance OSPF is enabled.

Step 5

segment-routing prefix-sid-map advertise-local

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# segment-routing
prefix-sid-map advertise local

Enables server functionality and allows OSPF to advertise the local mapping entries using area-scope flooding. The flooding is limited to areas where segment-routing is enabled. Disabled by default.

Step 6

segment-routing sr-prefer prefix-list [acl-name]

Example:

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)# segment-routing
 sr-prefer prefix-list foo

Enables OSPF to communicate to the routing information base (RIB) that SR labels are preferred to LDP labels. If ACL is used, OSPF signals the preference of SR labels over LDP labels for prefixes that match ACL. If ACL is not used, OSPF signals the preference of SR labels for all prefixes.

Example

The following example shows how OSPF advertises local mapping entries using area-flooding scope. 

ipv4 prefix-list foo
permit 2.2.2.2/32
!
router ospf 1
router-id 1.1.1.1
segment-routing mpls
segment-routing forwarding mpls
segment-routing prefix-sid-map receive
segment-routing prefix-sid-map advertise-local
segment-routing sr-prefer prefix-list foo
area 0
interface Loopback0
prefix-sid index 1
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/3
!
!
area 1
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/7
!

Configure Remote Loop-Free Alternate Paths for OSPF

With Loop-Free Alternate (LFA) paths only the immediate next hops (directly-connected neighbors) are used as backups to a destination. Though this works well in most topologies, it fails in ring topologies, because the immediate next hop is likely to use the source router itself to forward traffic, thereby creating loops.

As a result, during link failures, extended LFA or Remote LFA (RLFA) is required to enable the router to use a non-directly connected next hop as backup. RLFA ensures that this nearest non-connected neighbor does not loop back to the source router.

RLFA uses an LDP tunnel between source and backup routers and is implemented in IPv4, IPv6, and MPLS networks.

Remote LFA Process

The remote LFA process on the source router involves:

  1. For a protected link between the source router and the immediate next hop, the IGP (OSPF or IS-IS) computes the remote LFA backup path by using the PQ algorithm.

  2. The IGP updates the RIB table with the remote LFA path information.

  3. LDP establishes a session with the remote router to exchange labels for prefixes.

  4. LDP sets up MPLS forwarding for the protected prefix, and the corresponding backup path.

  5. On link failure, and fast reroute trigger, the remote LFA backup path is activated with less than 50 millisecond convergence time.

  6. The backup path is active until the IGP converges to the new primary path.

Remote LFA Topology

Consider the topology in the following figure. The best path from Source Router A to Destination Router E is through Router D. The best backup path for this route would be: Router A -> B -> C -> D -> Router E. Because Router B uses Router A as its primary next hop, this backup path cannot be used and LFA fails in this topology.

As a result, by implementing RLFA, Router A calculates its nearest non-directly connected neighbor that does not route back to it. In this example, Router A chooses Router C as its RLFA backup, and uses LDP to establish a tunnel between them. Traffic from Router A is routed to Router C on fast reroute trigger.

Figure 5. Remote LFA Topology

Configuration

To configure RLFA with OSPF, use the following steps.

  1. Configure the interface(s) of the router. 

    RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#configure
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0/1
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#ipv4 address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#no shutdown 
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#exit
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0/2
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#ipv4 address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#no shutdown 
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#exit
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#interface loopback0
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#ipv4 address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.255
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#no shutdown 
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-if)#exit

  2. Configure OSPF. 

    RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#router ospf rlfa
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#router-id 10.1.1.1 
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#area 1

  3. Add the configured interface(s) to OSPF, and configure RLFA. 

    RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0/1
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)#fast-reroute per-prefix remote-lfa tunnel mpls-ldp 
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)#fast-reroute per-prefix remote-lfa maximum-cost 20
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar-if)#exit
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf-ar)#exit
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#microloop avoidance protected 
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config-ospf)#exit

    The maximum-cost command is required to limit the range of remote LFAs. The microloop avoidance command is used to delay the convergence of all or protected prefixes (as configured in this example). For more information on these commands, see the Cisco ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Router Routing Command Reference.

  4. Commit your configuration. 

    RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#commit

  5. Confirm your configuration. 

    RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router(config)#show running-config 
...
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
 ipv4 address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2
 ipv4 address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
 shutdown

interface loopback0
 ipv4 address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
 shutdown
...
!
router ospf rlfa
 router-id 10.1.1.1
 microloop avoidance protected
 area 1
  interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
   fast-reroute per-prefix remote-lfa tunnel mpls-ldp
   fast-reroute per-prefix remote-lfa maximum-cost 20
  !
 !
!
...

Sample Verification Outputs

You can run the show commands mentioned in this section to verify whether RLFA is operational in your network. This section lists the sample outputs that are retrieved depending on your network topology.

Verify the presence of the remote backup paths in the RIB. 

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#show route 10.1.1.1/32

Routing entry for 10.1.1.1/32
  Known via "ospf 100", distance 110, metric 20, type extern 2
  Installed Sep  8 15:18:33.214 for 2d00h
  Routing Descriptor Blocks
    13.0.0.3, from 10.1.1.1, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1, Protected
    ...
    131.1.1.4, from 10.10.10.1 via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2, Backup (remote)
    ... 


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#show route 10.1.1.1/32 detail

Routing entry for 10.1.1.1/32
  Known via "ospf 100", distance 110, metric 20, type extern 2
  Installed Sep  8 15:18:33.214 for 2d00h
  Routing Descriptor Blocks
    13.0.0.3, from 10.1.1.1, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1, Protected
      Path id: 1     Path ref count: 0
      Backup path id: 33
    ...
    131.1.1.4, from 10.10.10.1 via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2, Backup (remote)
     Remote LFA is 4.4.4.4
      Path id: 33   Path refcount:1
   ...

Verify the presence of the remote backup paths in the OSPF topology table. 

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#show ospf rlfa routes backup-path
...

Topology Table for ospf rlfa with ID 10.1.1.1

Codes: O - Intra area, O IA - Inter area
       O E1 - External type 1, O E2 - External type 2
       O N1 - NSSA external type 1, O N2 - NSSA external type 2

O    10.3.10.0/24, metric 1 
       10.3.10.143, directly connected, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
O    10.3.11.0/24, metric 1 
       10.3.11.143, directly connected, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2
O    192.168.0.145/32, metric 2 

       10.3.10.145, from 192.168.0.145, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1, path-id 2
           Backup path: Remote, LFA: 11.0.0.1
              10.3.11.145, from 192.168.0.145, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2, protected bitmap 0x2
              Attributes: Metric: 0, 
       10.3.11.145, from 192.168.0.145, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2, path-id 1
           Backup path: Remote, LFA: 11.0.0.2
              10.3.10.145, from 192.168.0.145, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1, protected bitmap 0x1
              Attributes: Metric: 0,

Verify the presence of remote backup paths in the FIB. 

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show cef 10.1.1.1 detail 

10.1.1.1/32, version 6, internal 0x4004001 (ptr 0x1d5977f4) [1], 0x0 (0x1d563344), 0x450 (0x1dbab050)
 Updated Apr 27 13:36:03.013 
 remote adjacency to GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0
 Prefix Len 32, traffic index 0, precedence routine (0), priority 3
  gateway array (0x1d42b878) reference count 3, flags 0x28000d0, source lsd (3), 0 backups
                [2 type 5 flags 0x10101 (0x1da3c230) ext 0x0 (0x0)]
  LW-LDI[type=5, refc=3, ptr=0x1d563344, sh-ldi=0x1da3c230]
   via 2.2.2.3, GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0, 0 dependencies, weight 0, class 0, protected [flags 0x400]
    path-idx 0 bkup-idx 1 [0x1dc560cc 0x0]
    next hop 2.2.2.3
     local label 16011      labels imposed {16001}
   via 1.1.1.2, GigabitEthernet0/1/0/0, 2 dependencies, weight 0, class 0, backup (remote) [flags 0x300]
    path-idx 1 [0x1dc22110 0x0]
    next hop 1.1.1.2
    remote adjacency
     local label 16011      labels imposed {16002 16003}

    Load distribution: 0 (refcount 2)

    Hash  OK  Interface                 Address
    0     Y   GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0    remote         

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls forwarding prefix 10.1.1.1/32 

Local  Outgoing    Prefix             Outgoing     Next Hop        Bytes       
Label  Label       or ID              Interface                    Switched    
------ ----------- ------------------ ------------ --------------- ------------
16011  16001       10.1.1.1/32         SI0/2/CPU0   2.2.2.3         0           
            { 16002 10.1.1.1/32         FI0/1/CPU0   1.1.1.2         0           
               16003 }
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls forwarding prefix 10.1.1.1/32 detail 

Local  Outgoing    Prefix             Outgoing     Next Hop        Bytes       
Label  Label       or ID              Interface                    Switched    
------ ----------- ------------------ ------------ --------------- ------------
16011  16001       10.1.1.1/32         SI0/2/CPU0   2.2.2.3         0           
     Updated Apr 29 14:25:09.770
     Path Flags: 0x400 [ BKUP-IDX:1 (0x1dc460cc) ]
     Version: 5, Priority: 3
     MAC/Encaps: 0/4, MTU: 8000
     Label Stack (Top -> Bottom): { 16001 }
     Packets Switched: 0

       { 16002         10.1.1.1/32         FI0/1/CPU0   1.1.1.2         0           
           16003 }
     Updated Apr 29 14:25:09.770
     Path Flags: 0x300 [ IDX:1 BKUP-REMOTE ]
     MAC/Encaps: 0/4, MTU: 1500
     Label Stack (Top -> Bottom): { 16002  16003 }
     Packets Switched: 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls forwarding prefix 10.1.1.1/32 

Local  Outgoing    Prefix             Outgoing     Next Hop        Bytes       
Label  Label       or ID              Interface                    Switched    
------ ----------- ------------------ ------------ --------------- ------------
16011  16001       10.1.1.1/32         GI0/1/CPU0   2.2.2.3         0           
            { 16002    10.1.1.1/32         GI0/2/CPU0   1.1.1.2         0           
               16003 }
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls forwarding prefix 10.1.1.1/32 detail 

Local  Outgoing    Prefix             Outgoing     Next Hop        Bytes       
Label  Label       or ID              Interface                    Switched    
------ ----------- ------------------ ------------ --------------- ------------
16011  16001       10.1.1.1/32         GI0/1/CPU0   2.2.2.3         0           
     Updated Apr 29 14:25:09.770
     Path Flags: 0x400 [ BKUP-IDX:1 (0x1dc460cc) ]
     Version: 5, Priority: 3
     MAC/Encaps: 0/4, MTU: 8000
     Label Stack (Top -> Bottom): { 16001 }
     Packets Switched: 0

       { 16002         10.1.1.1/32         GI0/2/CPU0   1.1.1.2         0           
           16003 }
     Updated Apr 29 14:25:09.770
     Path Flags: 0x300 [ IDX:1 BKUP-REMOTE ]
     MAC/Encaps: 0/4, MTU: 1500
     Label Stack (Top -> Bottom): { 16002  16003 }
     Packets Switched: 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show cef fast-reroute

Prefix              Next Hop            Interface
10.1.1.1/32      2.18.6.2            Bundle-Ether100
                    13.1.11.2           GigabitEthernet0/6/1/9.11
10.2.1.1/32      2.18.6.2            Bundle-Ether100
                    13.1.11.2           GigabitEthernet0/6/1/9.11
10.3.1.1/32      2.18.6.2            Bundle-Ether100
                    13.1.11.2           GigabitEthernet0/6/1/9.11
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Verify the presence of remote backup paths in the MPLS LDP forwarding database. 

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls ldp forwarding 10.1.1.1/32
Codes: 
  - = GR label recovering, (!) = LFA FRR Pure Backup path 
  {} = Label stack with multi-line output for a routing path
  G = GR, S = Stale, R = Remote LFA FRR Backup 

Prefix           Label   Label          Outgoing     Next Hop            Flags
                 In      Out            Interface                        G S R
---------------- ------- -------------- ------------ ------------------- -----
10.1.1.1/32       16001   16002          Gi0/0/0/1   12.1.0.2                 
                         { 16003        Gi0/0/0/2    13.1.0.3        (!) G    R
                           16004 }                   (4.4.4.4)           G        

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls ldp forwarding 10.1.1.1/32 detail

Codes: 
  - = GR label recovering, (!) = LFA FRR Pure Backup path 
  {} = Label stack with multi-line output for a routing path
  G = GR, S = Stale, R = Remote LFA FRR Backup

Prefix           Label   Label          Outgoing     Next Hop            Flags
                 In      Out            Interface                        G S R
---------------- ------- -------------- ------------ ------------------- -----
10.1.1.1/32       16001   16002          Gi0/0/0/1    12.1.0.2                 
                         [ Protected; path-id 1 backup-path-id 33; 
                           peer 2.2.2.2:0 ]
                         { 16003        Gi0/0/0/2    13.1.0.3        (!) G   R
                           16004 }                    (4.4.4.4)          G
                         [ Backup (remote); path-id 33; peer 3.3.3.3:0
                           remote LFA 4.4.4.4, remote peer 4.4.4.4:0 ]
  Routing update   : Apr 23 17:22:33.102 (00:08:02 ago)
  Forwarding update: Apr 23 17:22:47.183 (00:07:48 ago)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls ldp forwarding summary 

Forwarding Server (LSD):
  Connected: Yes
  Forwarding State Holdtime: 120 sec
Forwarding States:
…
  Rewrites:
Prefix:
      Total: 5 (4 with ECMP, 1 LFA FRR protected)
      Labelled:
…
    Paths:
      Total: 10 (1 backup [1 remote], 2 LFA FRR protected)
      Labelled: 10 (1 backup)

Verify the presence of remote backup paths in the MPLS LSD forwarding database. 

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls lsd forwarding labels 16001

In_Label, (ID), Path_Info: <Type>
16001, (IPv4, 'default':4U, 10.1.1.1/32), 2 Paths
   1/2: IPv4-rLFA, 'default':4U, Gi0/0/0/1, nh=12.1.0.2, lbl=16002, tun_id=0,
            flags=0x0 () [Protected]
   2/2: IPv4-rLFA, 'default':4U, Gi0/0/0/2, nh=13.1.0.3, lbls={ 16003, 16004 }, tun_id=0,
    flags={ 0x4008 (Retain, Remote-Backup), 0x8 (Retain) } [Backup] 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls lsd forwarding labels 16001 detail 

In_Label, (ID), Path_Info: <Type>
16001, (IPv4, 'default':4U, 10.1.1.1/32), 2 Paths
   1/2: IPv4-rLFA, 'default':4U, Gi0/0/0/1, nh=12.1.0.2, lbl=16002, tun_id=0,
            flags=0x0 () [Protected]
            path-id=1, backup-path-id=33
   2/2: IPv4-rLFA, 'default':4U, Gi0/0/0/2, nh=13.1.0.3, lbls={ 16003, 16004 }, tun_id=0,
            flags={ 0x4008 (Retain, Remote-Backup), 0x8 (Retain) } [Backup]
            path-id=33, backup-path-id=0
BCDL priority:3, LSD queue:15, version:103
      Installed Apr 23 17:22:47.183 (00:17:09 ago)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router# show mpls lsd forwarding summary 

Messages: 22
Forwarding updates: 34
Rewrites: 9
  FPIs:
    Label: 9
    IPv4: 5
..
  MOIs: 13
    IPv4 paths: 10 (1 backup [1 remote], 2 protected)
..
    IP subscriber: 0

Verify the presence of remote backup paths in the ingress forwarding chain. 

RP/0/RP0/CPU0:router#show cef 10.1.1.1 hard in det loc 0/1/CPU0          
Sat May 12 05:16:47.929 UTC
10.10.10.10/32, version 5475, internal 0x4004001 (ptr 0x5f9582f0) [1], 0x0 (0x5f29cf94), 0x450 (0x6058e35c)
 Updated May 12 05:05:51.294 
...

 Print Flags: 00000000

  INGRESS PLU
   SW: 08300200 00000004 00040000 00263b00
   HW: 08300200 00000004 00040000 00263b00
  entry_type:         FWD    rpf ptr:     0x00300200
  prefix len:           1    BGP policy a/c:       0
QoS group:            0    BAO id:               0
  num entries:          1    next ptr:    0x0000263b
  label ptr:   0x00000000    Label(0) Ptr(0)

    Load info: 
    Flag: 0x00860001
    TLU Channel: 1 Addr: 0x0000263b
    ENTRY        0
      SW: 00000000 00712426 b4040002 00000001
      HW: 00000000 00712426 b4040002 00000001
    PBTS:              0    extra l3li:             0
    entry type:      FWD    next ptr:     0x00712426
    is label:    0    is label ptr:    0
    num of entries:    1
    tunnel_encap_ptr: 0x00000000
    next-hop:   180.4.0.2

       TLU Channel: 2 Addr: 0x00712426
       ENTRY        0
        SW: 00000008 00000000 03e82000 20460b00
        HW: 00000008 00000000 03e82000 20460b00
       label1:        16002    label2:            16003
        label 3: 16009
       num of labels:     1    next ptr: 0x0020460b
 

  frr Flags        : 0x28c /* New flag to indicate that LFA is over PQ */
 Primary adjacency
 L2 Load info 
  TLU Channel: 3 Addr: 0x20460b
  [HW: 0x00010000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x30040b00]
    num. entries  : 1
    num. labels   : 0
    label 1       : 0
next ptr      : 0x30040b
 L2 Load Balancing Entry
  TLU Channel: 4 Addr: 0x30040b
    Entry[0]
    [HW: 0x00000004 0x00000084 0x01280440 0x00050000]
      dest. addr         : 0x4
      sponge queue       : 132
      egress port        : 0x128044
      rp destined        : no
      service destined   : no
      rp drop            : no
      hash type          : 0
      uidb index         : 0x5

 FRR backup info
  FRR Flags                  : 0x28c  /* updated to indicate PQ is active */
 Cached backup adjacency
  Cached backup num. entries : 1
      protected num. entries : 1
      backup is a tunnel     : yes
      backup tunnel local label : 16007
      remote LFA active: 1
  Shared TLU Channel: 4 Addr: 0x300a02
    Entry[0]
    [HW: 0x00000004 0x00000086 0x01280480 0x00070000]
      dest. addr         : 0x4
      sponge queue       : 134
      egress port        : 0x128048
      rp destined        : no
      service destined   : no
      rp drop            : no
      hash type          : 0
      uidb index         : 0x7

    Load distribution: 0 (refcount 3)

    Hash  OK  Interface                 Address
    0     Y   TenGigE0/2/0/4            180.4.0.2

Configuration Examples for Implementing OSPF

This section provides the following configuration examples:

Cisco IOS XR Software for OSPF Version 2 Configuration: Example

The following example shows how an OSPF interface is configured for an area in Cisco IOS XR Software.

area 0 must be explicitly configured with the area command and all interfaces that are in the range from 10.1.2.0 to 10.1.2.255 are bound to area 0. Interfaces are configured with the interface command (while the router is in area configuration mode) and the area keyword is not included in the interface statement.

Cisco IOS XR Software Configuration 


interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
 ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.255
 negotiation auto
!
router ospf 1
router-id 10.2.3.4
 area 0
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
!
!

The following example shows how OSPF interface parameters are configured for an area in Cisco IOS XR software.

In Cisco IOS XR software, OSPF interface-specific parameters are configured in interface configuration mode and explicitly defined for area 0. In addition, the ip ospf keywords are no longer required.

Cisco IOS XR Software Configuration 


interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
 ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
 negotiation auto
!
router ospf 1
 router-id 10.2.3.4
area 0
 interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
  cost 77
  mtu-ignore
  authentication message-digest
  message-digest-key 1 md5 0 test
!
!

The following example shows the hierarchical CLI structure of Cisco IOS XR software:

In Cisco IOS XR software, OSPF areas must be explicitly configured, and interfaces configured under the area configuration mode are explicitly bound to that area. In this example, interface 10.1.2.0/24 is bound to area 0 and interface 10.1.3.0/24 is bound to area 1.

Cisco IOS XR Software Configuration 


interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
 ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
 negotiation auto
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
 ip address 10.1.3.1 255.255.255.0
 negotiation auto
!
router ospf 1
 router-id 10.2.3.4
area 0
 interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
!
area 1
 interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
!
!

CLI Inheritance and Precedence for OSPF Version 2: Example

The following example configures the cost parameter at different hierarchical levels of the OSPF topology, and illustrates how the parameter is inherited and how only one setting takes precedence. According to the precedence rule, the most explicit configuration is used.

The cost parameter is set to 5 in router configuration mode for the OSPF process. Area 1 sets the cost to 15 and area 6 sets the cost to 30. All interfaces in area 0 inherit a cost of 5 from the OSPF process because the cost was not set in area 0 or its interfaces.

In area 1, every interface has a cost of 15 because the cost is set in area 1 and 15 overrides the value 5 that was set in router configuration mode.

Area 4 does not set the cost, but GigabitEthernet interface 01/0/2 sets the cost to 20. The remaining interfaces in area 4 have a cost of 5 that is inherited from the OSPF process.

Area 6 sets the cost to 30, which is inherited by GigabitEthernet interfaces 0/1/0/3 and 0/2/0/3. GigabitEthernet interface 0/3/0/3 uses the cost of 1, which is set in interface configuration mode. 


  router ospf 1
   router-id 10.5.4.3
   cost 5
   area 0
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/0
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
    !
   !
   area 1
    cost 15
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/1
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
    !
   !
   area 4
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/2
     cost 20
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/2
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/2
    !
   !
   area 6
    cost 30
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/1/0/3
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/3
    !
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/3
     cost 1
    !
   !

MPLS TE for OSPF Version 2: Example

The following example shows how to configure the OSPF portion of MPLS TE. However, you still need to build an MPLS TE topology and create an MPLS TE tunnel. See the MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routersfor information.

In this example, loopback interface 0 is associated with area 0 and MPLS TE is configured within area 0.


interface Loopback 0
 address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.0
!
interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0
 address 10.1.2.2 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
 router-id 10.10.10.10
 nsf
 auto-cost reference-bandwidth 10000
 mpls traffic-eng router-id Loopback 0
 area 0
  mpls traffic-eng
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0
  interface Loopback 0

ABR with Summarization for OSPFv3: Example

The following example shows the prefix range 2300::/16 summarized from area 1 into the backbone:


router ospfv3 1
 router-id 192.168.0.217
 area 0
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
 area 1
  range 2300::/16
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

ABR Stub Area for OSPFv3: Example

The following example shows that area 1 is configured as a stub area:


  router ospfv3 1
   router-id 10.0.0.217
   area 0
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
   area 1
    stub
    interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

ABR Totally Stub Area for OSPFv3: Example

The following example shows that area 1 is configured as a totally stub area:


router ospfv3 1
 router-id 10.0.0.217
 area 0
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
 area 1
  stub no-summary
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

Configuring OSPF SPF Prefix Prioritization: Example

This example shows how to configure /32 prefixes as medium-priority, in general, in addition to placing some /32 and /24 prefixes in critical-priority and high-priority queues: 


prefix-set ospf-critical-prefixes 
  192.41.5.41/32, 
  11.1.3.0/24, 
  192.168.0.44/32 
  end-set 
  ! 
  prefix-set ospf-high-prefixes 
  44.4.10.0/24, 
  192.41.4.41/32, 
  41.4.41.41/32 
  end-set 
  ! 
  prefix-set ospf-medium-prefixes 
  0.0.0.0/0 ge 32 
  end-set 
  ! 
  
  route-policy ospf-priority
    if destination in ospf-high-prefixes then
      set spf-priority high
    else
      if destination in ospf-critical-prefixes then
        set spf-priority critical
      else
        if destination in ospf-medium-prefixes then
          set spf-priority medium
        endif
      endif
    endif
  end-policy

OSPFv2

router ospf 1
   spf prefix-priority route-policy ospf-priority
   area 0
    interface GigabitEthernet0/3/0/0
    !
   !
   area 3
    interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0
    !
   !
   area 8
    interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0.590

OSPFv3

router ospfv3 1
   spf prefix-priority route-policy ospf-priority
   area 0
    interface GigabitEthernet0/3/0/0
    !
   !
   area 3
    interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0
    !
   !
   area 8
    interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0.590

Route Redistribution for OSPFv3: Example

The following example uses prefix lists to limit the routes redistributed from other protocols.

Only routes with 9898:1000 in the upper 32 bits and with prefix lengths from 32 to 64 are redistributed from BGP 42. Only routes not matching this pattern are redistributed from BGP 1956. 


ipv6 prefix-list list1
 seq 10 permit 9898:1000::/32 ge 32 le 64
ipv6 prefix-list list2
 seq 10 deny 9898:1000::/32 ge 32 le 64
 seq 20 permit ::/0 le 128
router ospfv3 1
 router-id 10.0.0.217
 redistribute bgp 42
 redistribute bgp 1956
 distribute-list prefix-list list1 out bgp 42
 distribute-list prefix-list list2 out bgp 1956
 area 1
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

Virtual Link Configured Through Area 1 for OSPFv3: Example

This example shows how to set up a virtual link to connect the backbone through area 1 for the OSPFv3 topology that consists of areas 0 and 1 and virtual links 10.0.0.217 and 10.0.0.212:

ABR 1 Configuration


router ospfv3 1
 router-id 10.0.0.217
 area 0
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
 area 1
  virtual-link 10.0.0.212
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0

ABR 2 Configuration


router ospfv3 1
 router-id 10.0.0.212
 area 0
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
 area 1
  virtual-link 10.0.0.217
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/0
Check the virtual links:
show ospfv3 virtual-links
Mon Dec 17 11:18:29.249 EST

Virtual Link OSPF_VL0 to router 192.168.0.4 is up
Interface ID 1000000, IPv6 address 13:13:13::4
Run as demand circuit
DoNotAge LSA allowed.
Transit area 1, via interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/0, Cost of using 2
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:06
Adjacency State INIT (Hello suppressed)
Index 0/0/0, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 0
First 0(0)/0(0)/0(0) Next 0(0)/0(0)/0(0)
Last retransmission scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

Virtual Link Configured with MD5 Authentication for OSPF Version 2: Example

The following examples show how to configure a virtual link to your backbone and apply MD5 authentication. You must perform the steps described on both ABRs at each end of the virtual link.

After you explicitly configure the ABRs, the configuration is inherited by all interfaces bound to that area—unless you override the values and configure them explicitly for the interface.

To understand virtual links, see Virtual Link and Transit Area for OSPF.

In this example, all interfaces on router ABR1 use MD5 authentication:


router ospf ABR1
 router-id 10.10.10.10
 authentication message-digest
 message-digest-key 100 md5 0 cisco
 area 0
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/2/0/1
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/0
 area 1
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/3/0/1
  virtual-link 10.10.5.5
!
!

In this example, only area 1 interfaces on router ABR3 use MD5 authentication:


router ospf ABR2
 router-id 10.10.5.5
 area 0
 area 1
  authentication message-digest
  message-digest-key 100 md5 0 cisco
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/9/0/1
  virtual-link 10.10.10.10
 area 3
  interface Loopback 0
  interface GigabitEthernet 0/9/0/0
!

OSPF Queue Tuning Parameters Configuration: Example

The following example shows how to configure the OSPF queue tuning parameters: 


  router ospf 100
   queue dispatch incoming 30
   queue limit high 1500
   queue dispatch rate-limited-lsa 1000
   queue dispatch spf-lsa-limit 2000

Where to Go Next

To configure route maps through the RPL for OSPF Version 2, see Implementing Routing Policy on module.

To build an MPLS TE topology, create tunnels, and configure forwarding over the tunnel for OSPF Version 2; see MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers.

Additional References

The following sections provide references related to implementing OSPF.

Related Documents

Related Topic

Document Title

OSPF Commands and OSPFv3 Commands: complete command syntax, command modes, command history, defaults, usage guidelines, and examples

Routing Command Reference for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers

MPLS TE feature information

Implementing MPLS Traffic Engineering on module in MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 6000 Series Routers

Standards

Standards

Title

draft-ietf-ospf-multi-area-adj-07.txt

OSPF Multi-Area Adjacency

draft-ietf-pce-disco-proto-ospf-08.txt

OSPF Protocol Extensions for Path Computation Element (PCE)

draft-ietf-mpls-igp-sync-00.txt

LDP IGP Synchronization

draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-graceful-restart-07.txt

OSPFv3 Graceful Restart

MIBs

MIBs

MIBs Link

—

To locate and download MIBs for selected platforms, Cisco IOS releases, and feature sets, use Cisco MIB Locator found at the following URL:

http://www.cisco.com/go/mibs

RFCs

RFCs

Title

RFC 1587

The OSPF NSSA Option

RFC 1793

Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits

RFC 2328

OSPF Version 2

RFC 2370

The OSPF Opaque LSA Option

RFC 2740

OSPF for IPv6

RFC 3101

The OSPF Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA) Option

RFC 3137

OSPF Stub Router Advertisement

RFC 3509

Alternative Implementations of OSPF Area Border Routers

RFC 3623

Graceful OSPF Restart

RFC 3630

Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2

RFC 3682

The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM)

RFC 3906

Calculating Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Routes Over Traffic Engineering Tunnels

RFC 4136

OSPF Refresh and Flooding Reduction in Stable Topologies

RFC 4206

Label Switched Paths (LSP) Hierarchy with Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE)

RFC 4124

Protocol Extensions for Support of Diffserv-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering

RFC 4750

OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base

RFC 4811

OSPF Out-of-Band Link State Database (LSDB) Resynchronization

RFC 4812

OSPF Restart Signaling

RFC 4813

OSPF Link-Local Signaling

RFC 4970

Extensions to OSPF for Advertising Optional Router Capabilities

RFC 5643

Management Information Base (MIB) for OSPFv3

Technical Assistance

Description

Link

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http://www.cisco.com/techsupport