ASA Cluster for the ASAv for the Private Cloud

Clustering lets you group multiple ASAv's together as a single logical device. A cluster provides all the convenience of a single device (management, integration into a network) while achieving the increased throughput and redundancy of multiple devices. You can deploy the ASAv clusters using VMware and KVM. Only routed firewall mode is supported.


Note

Some features are not supported when using clustering. See Unsupported Features with Clustering.

About ASAv Clustering

This section describes the clustering architecture and how it works.

How the Cluster Fits into Your Network

The cluster consists of multiple firewalls acting as a single device. To act as a cluster, the firewalls need the following infrastructure:

  • Isolated network for intra-cluster communication, known as the cluster control link, using VXLAN interfaces. VXLANs, which act as Layer 2 virtual networks over Layer 3 physical networks, let the ASAv send broadcast/multicast messages over the cluster control link.

  • Management access to each firewall for configuration and monitoring. The ASAv deployment includes a Management 0/0 interface that you will use to manage the cluster nodes.

When you place the cluster in your network, the upstream and downstream routers need to be able to load-balance the data coming to and from the cluster using Layer 3 Individual interfaces and one of the following methods:

  • Policy-Based Routing—The upstream and downstream routers perform load balancing between nodes using route maps and ACLs.

  • Equal-Cost Multi-Path Routing—The upstream and downstream routers perform load balancing between nodes using equal cost static or dynamic routes.


Note

Layer 2 Spanned EtherChannels are not supported.

Cluster Nodes

Cluster nodes work together to accomplish the sharing of the security policy and traffic flows. This section describes the nature of each node role.

Bootstrap Configuration

On each device, you configure a minimal bootstrap configuration including the cluster name, cluster control link interface, and other cluster settings. The first node on which you enable clustering typically becomes the control node. When you enable clustering on subsequent nodes, they join the cluster as data nodes.

Control and Data Node Roles

One member of the cluster is the control node. If multiple cluster nodes come online at the same time, the control node is determined by the priority setting in the bootstrap configuration; the priority is set between 1 and 100, where 1 is the highest priority. All other members are data nodes. Typically, when you first create a cluster, the first node you add becomes the control node simply because it is the only node in the cluster so far.

You must perform all configuration (aside from the bootstrap configuration) on the control node only; the configuration is then replicated to the data nodes. In the case of physical assets, such as interfaces, the configuration of the control node is mirrored on all data nodes. For example, if you configure Ethernet 1/2 as the inside interface and Ethernet 1/1 as the outside interface, then these interfaces are also used on the data nodes as inside and outside interfaces.

Some features do not scale in a cluster, and the control node handles all traffic for those features.

Individual Interfaces

You can configure cluster interfaces as Individual interfaces.

Individual interfaces are normal routed interfaces, each with their own Local IP address. Because interface configuration must be configured only on the control node, the interface configuration lets you set a pool of IP addresses to be used for a given interface on the cluster nodes, including one for the control node. The Main cluster IP address is a fixed address for the cluster that always belongs to the current control node. The Local IP address is always the control node address for routing. The Main cluster IP address provides consistent management access to an address; when a control node changes, the Main cluster IP address moves to the new control node, so management of the cluster continues seamlessly. Load balancing, however, must be configured separately on the upstream switch in this case.


Note

Layer 2 Spanned EtherChannels are not supported.

Policy-Based Routing

When using Individual interfaces, each ASA interface maintains its own IP address and MAC address. One method of load balancing is Policy-Based Routing (PBR).

We recommend this method if you are already using PBR, and want to take advantage of your existing infrastructure.

PBR makes routing decisions based on a route map and ACL. You must manually divide traffic between all ASAs in a cluster. Because PBR is static, it may not achieve the optimum load balancing result at all times. To achieve the best performance, we recommend that you configure the PBR policy so that forward and return packets of a connection are directed to the same ASA. For example, if you have a Cisco router, redundancy can be achieved by using Cisco IOS PBR with Object Tracking. Cisco IOS Object Tracking monitors each ASA using ICMP ping. PBR can then enable or disable route maps based on reachability of a particular ASA. See the following URLs for more details:

http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/data-center-virtualization/intelligent-traffic-director/index.html

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6599/products_white_paper09186a00800a4409.shtml

Equal-Cost Multi-Path Routing

When using Individual interfaces, each ASA interface maintains its own IP address and MAC address. One method of load balancing is Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing.

We recommend this method if you are already using ECMP, and want to take advantage of your existing infrastructure.

ECMP routing can forward packets over multiple “best paths” that tie for top place in the routing metric. Like EtherChannel, a hash of source and destination IP addresses and/or source and destination ports can be used to send a packet to one of the next hops. If you use static routes for ECMP routing, then the ASA failure can cause problems; the route continues to be used, and traffic to the failed ASA will be lost. If you use static routes, be sure to use a static route monitoring feature such as Object Tracking. We recommend using dynamic routing protocols to add and remove routes, in which case, you must configure each ASA to participate in dynamic routing.

Cluster Control Link

Each node must dedicate one interface as a VXLAN (VTEP) interface for the cluster control link. For more information about VXLAN, see VXLAN Interfaces.

VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint

VXLAN tunnel endpoint (VTEP) devices perform VXLAN encapsulation and decapsulation. Each VTEP has two interface types: one or more virtual interfaces called VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) interfaces, and a regular interface called the VTEP source interface that tunnels the VNI interfaces between VTEPs. The VTEP source interface is attached to the transport IP network for VTEP-to-VTEP communication.

VTEP Source Interface

The VTEP source interface is a regular ASAv interface with which you plan to associate the VNI interface. You can configure one VTEP source interface to act as the cluster control link. The source interface is reserved for cluster control link use only. Each VTEP source interface has an IP address on the same subnet. This subnet should be isolated from all other traffic, and should include only the cluster control link interfaces.

VNI Interface

A VNI interface is similar to a VLAN interface: it is a virtual interface that keeps network traffic separated on a given physical interface by using tagging. You can only configure one VNI interface. Each VNI interface has an IP address on the same subnet.

Peer VTEPs

Unlike regular VXLAN for data interfaces, which allows a single VTEP peer, The ASAv clustering allows you to configure multiple peers.

Cluster Control Link Traffic Overview

Cluster control link traffic includes both control and data traffic.

Control traffic includes:

  • Control node election.

  • Configuration replication.

  • Health monitoring.

Data traffic includes:

  • State replication.

  • Connection ownership queries and data packet forwarding.

Cluster Control Link Failure

If the cluster control link line protocol goes down for a unit, then clustering is disabled; data interfaces are shut down. After you fix the cluster control link, you must manually rejoin the cluster by re-enabling clustering.


Note

When the ASAv becomes inactive, all data interfaces are shut down; only the management-only interface can send and receive traffic. The management interface remains up using the IP address the unit received from DHCP or the cluster IP pool. If you use a cluster IP pool, if you reload and the unit is still inactive in the cluster, then the management interface is not accessible (because it then uses the Main IP address, which is the same as the control node). You must use the console port (if available) for any further configuration.

Configuration Replication

All nodes in the cluster share a single configuration. You can only make configuration changes on the control node (with the exception of the bootstrap configuration), and changes are automatically synced to all other nodes in the cluster.

ASAv Cluster Management

One of the benefits of using ASAv clustering is the ease of management. This section describes how to manage the cluster.

Management Network

We recommend connecting all nodes to a single management network. This network is separate from the cluster control link.

Management Interface

Use the Management 0/0 interface for management.


Note

You cannot enable dynamic routing for the management interface. You must use a static route.

You can use either static addressing or DHCP for the management IP address.

If you use static addressing, you can use a Main cluster IP address that is a fixed address for the cluster that always belongs to the current control node. For each interface, you also configure a range of addresses so that each node, including the current control node, can use a Local address from the range. The Main cluster IP address provides consistent management access to an address; when a control node changes, the Main cluster IP address moves to the new control node, so management of the cluster continues seamlessly. The Local IP address is used for routing, and is also useful for troubleshooting. For example, you can manage the cluster by connecting to the Main cluster IP address, which is always attached to the current control node. To manage an individual member, you can connect to the Local IP address. For outbound management traffic such as TFTP or syslog, each node, including the control node, uses the Local IP address to connect to the server.

If you use DHCP, you do not use a pool of Local addresses or have a Main cluster IP address.

Control Node Management Vs. Data Node Management

All management and monitoring can take place on the control node. From the control node, you can check runtime statistics, resource usage, or other monitoring information of all nodes. You can also issue a command to all nodes in the cluster, and replicate the console messages from data nodes to the control node.

You can monitor data nodes directly if desired. Although also available from the control node, you can perform file management on data nodes (including backing up the configuration and updating images). The following functions are not available from the control node:

  • Monitoring per-node cluster-specific statistics.

  • Syslog monitoring per node (except for syslogs sent to the console when console replication is enabled).

  • SNMP

  • NetFlow

Crypto Key Replication

When you create a crypto key on the control node, the key is replicated to all data nodes. If you have an SSH session to the Main cluster IP address, you will be disconnected if the control node fails. The new control node uses the same key for SSH connections, so that you do not need to update the cached SSH host key when you reconnect to the new control node.

ASDM Connection Certificate IP Address Mismatch

By default, a self-signed certificate is used for the ASDM connection based on the Local IP address. If you connect to the Main cluster IP address using ASDM, then a warning message about a mismatched IP address might appear because the certificate uses the Local IP address, and not the Main cluster IP address. You can ignore the message and establish the ASDM connection. However, to avoid this type of warning, you can enroll a certificate that contains the Main cluster IP address and all the Local IP addresses from the IP address pool. You can then use this certificate for each cluster member. See https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/asdm/identity-cert/cert-install.html for more information.

Inter-Site Clustering

For inter-site installations, you can take advantage of ASAv clustering as long as you follow the recommended guidelines.

You can configure each cluster chassis to belong to a separate site ID. Site IDs are used to enable flow mobility using LISP inspection, director localization to improve performance and reduce round-trip time latency for inter-site clustering for data centers, and site redundancy for connections where a backup owner of a traffic flow is always at a different site from the owner.

See the following sections for more information about inter-site clustering:

Licenses for ASAv Clustering

Each cluster node requires the same model license. We recommend using the same number of CPUs and memory for all nodes, or else peformance will be limited on all nodes to match the least capable member. The throughput level will be replicated from the control node to each data node so they match.


Note

If you deregister the ASAv so that it is unlicensed, then it will revert to a severely rate-limited state if you reload the ASAv. An unlicensed, low performing cluster node will impact the performance of the entire cluster negatively. Be sure to keep all cluster nodes licensed, or remove any unlicensed nodes.

Requirements and Prerequisites for ASAv Clustering

Model Requirements

  • ASAv30, ASAv50, ASAv100

  • VMware or KVM

  • Maximum 16 nodes

ASAv Platform and Software Requirements

All nodes in a cluster:

  • Must be the same model. We recommend using the same number of CPUs and memory for all nodes, or else peformance will be limited on all nodes to match the least capable node.

  • Must run the identical software except at the time of an image upgrade. Hitless upgrade is supported. Mismatched software versions can lead to poor performance, so be sure to upgrade all nodes in the same maintenance window.

  • New cluster members must use the same SSL encryption setting (the ssl encryption command) as the control node for initial cluster control link communication before configuration replication.

Guidelines for ASAv Clustering

Failover

Failover is not supported with clustering.

IPv6

The cluster control link is only supported using IPv4.

Additional Guidelines

  • When significant topology changes occur (such as enabling or disabling an interface on the ASA or the switch, adding an additional switch to form a VSS or vPC) you should disable the health check feature and also disable interface monitoring for the disabled interfaces. When the topology change is complete, and the configuration change is synced to all nodes, you can re-enable the interface health check feature.

  • When adding a node to an existing cluster, or when reloading a node, there will be a temporary, limited packet/connection drop; this is expected behavior. In some cases, the dropped packets can hang your connection; for example, dropping a FIN/ACK packet for an FTP connection will make the FTP client hang. In this case, you need to reestablish the FTP connection.

  • We do not support VXLANs for data interfaces; only the cluster control link supports VXLAN.

  • It takes time to replicate changes to all the nodes in a cluster. If you make a large change, for example, adding an access control rule that uses object groups (which, when deployed, are broken out into multiple rules), the time needed to complete the change can exceed the timeout for the cluster nodes to respond with a success message. If this happens, you might see a "failed to replicate command" message. You can ignore the message.

Defaults for ASAv Clustering

  • The cluster health check feature is enabled by default with the holdtime of 3 seconds. Interface health monitoring is enabled on all interfaces by default.

  • The cluster auto-rejoin feature for a failed cluster control link is unlimited attempts every 5 minutes.

  • The cluster auto-rejoin feature for a failed data interface is 3 attempts every 5 minutes, with the increasing interval set to 2.

  • Connection rebalancing is disabled by default. If you enable connection rebalancing, the default time between load information exchanges is 5 seconds.

  • Connection replication delay of 5 seconds is enabled by default for HTTP traffic.

Configure the ASAv Clustering Using a Day0 Configuration

Control Node Day0 Configuration

The following Day0 configuration for the control node includes the bootstrap configuration followed by interface configuration that will be replicated to the data nodes. Bold text shows the values you need to change for the data node Day0 configuration.


Note

This configuration only includes the cluster-centric configuration. Your Day0 configuration should also include other settings for licensing, SSH access, ASDM access and more. See the getting started guide for more information about Day0 configurations. 


!BOOTSTRAP
! Cluster interface mode
cluster interface mode individual
!
! VXLAN peer group
object-group network cluster-peers
network-object host 10.6.6.51
network-object host 10.6.6.52
network-object host 10.6.6.53
network-object host 10.6.6.54
!
! Alternate object group representation
! object-network xyz
! range 10.6.6.51 10.6.6.54
! object-group network cluster-peers
! network-object object xyz
!
! Cluster control link physical interface (VXLAN tunnel endpoint (VTEP) src interface)
interface gigabitethernet 0/7
description CCL VTEP src ifc
nve-only cluster
nameif ccl
security-level 0
ip address 10.6.6.51 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
!
! VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) interface
interface vni1
segment-id 1
vtep-nve 1
!
! Set the CCL MTU
mtu ccl 1654
!
! Network Virtualization Endpoint (NVE) association with VTEP src interface
nve 1
encapsulation vxlan
source-interface ccl
peer-group cluster-peers
!
! Management Interface Using DHCP
interface management 0/0
nameif management
ip address dhcp setroute
no shutdown
!
! Alternate Management Using Static IP
! ip local pool mgmt_pool 10.1.1.1 10.10.10.4
! interface management 0/0
! nameif management
! ip address 10.1.1.25 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool mgmt_pool 
! no shutdown
!
! Cluster Config
cluster group cluster1
local-unit A
cluster-interface vni1 ip 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0
priority 1
enable noconfirm
!
! INTERFACES
!
ip local pool inside_pool 10.10.10.11 10.10.10.14
ip local pool outside_pool 10.11.11.11 10.11.11.14
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool inside_pool
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 10.11.11.10 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool outside_pool
!
!JUMBO FRAME RESERVATION for CCL MTU
jumbo-frame reservation

Data Node Day0 Configuration

The following Day0 configuration for the data node includes only the bootstrap configuration. Bold text shows the values you need to change from the control node Day0 configuration.


Note

This configuration only includes the cluster-centric configuration. Your Day0 configuration should also include other settings for licensing, SSH access, ASDM access and more. See the getting started guide for more information about Day0 configurations. 


!BOOTSTRAP
! Cluster interface mode
cluster interface mode individual
!
! VXLAN peer group
object-group network cluster-peers
network-object host 10.6.6.51
network-object host 10.6.6.52
network-object host 10.6.6.53
network-object host 10.6.6.54
!
! Alternate object group representation
! object-network xyz
! range 10.6.6.51 10.6.6.54
! object-group network cluster-peers
! network-object object xyz
!
! Cluster control link physical interface (VXLAN tunnel endpoint (VTEP) src interface)
interface gigabitethernet 0/7
description CCL VTEP src ifc
nve-only cluster
nameif ccl
security-level 0
ip address 10.6.6.52 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
!
! VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) interface
interface vni1
segment-id 1
vtep-nve 1
!
! Set the CCL MTU
mtu ccl 1654
!
! Network Virtualization Endpoint (NVE) association with VTEP src interface
nve 1
encapsulation vxlan
source-interface ccl
peer-group cluster-peers
!
! Management Interface Using DHCP
interface management 0/0
nameif management
ip address dhcp setroute
no shutdown
!
! Alternate Management Using Static IP
! ip local pool mgmt_pool 10.1.1.1 10.10.10.4
! interface management 0/0
! nameif management
! ip address 10.1.1.25 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool mgmt_pool 
! no shutdown
!
! Cluster Config
cluster group cluster1
local-unit B
cluster-interface vni1 ip 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
priority 2
enable noconfirm
!
! INTERFACES
!
ip local pool inside_pool 10.10.10.11 10.10.10.14
ip local pool outside_pool 10.11.11.11 10.11.11.14
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool inside_pool
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 10.11.11.10 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool outside_pool
!
!JUMBO FRAME RESERVATION for CCL MTU
jumbo-frame reservation

Configure ASAv Clustering after Deployment

To configure clustering after you deploy your ASAvs, perform the following tasks.

Configure Interface Settings

Configure the cluster interface mode on each node as well as interfaces on the control node. The interface configuration will be replicated to data nodes when they join the cluster. Note that configuration of the cluster control link is covered in the bootstrap configuration procedure.

Configure the Cluster Interface Mode on Each Node

Before you enable clustering, you need to convert the firewall to use Individual interfaces. Because clustering limits the types of interfaces you can use, this process lets you check your existing configuration for incompatible interfaces and then prevents you from configuring any unsupported interfaces.

Before you begin

  • You must set the mode separately on each ASAv that you want to add to the cluster.

  • Connect to the ASAv CLI using either the console port (if available) or SSH (if configured). If neither of these options is available, you can use ASDM to configure clustering.

Procedure

Step 1

Show any incompatible configuration so that you can force the interface mode and fix your configuration later; the mode is not changed with this command:

cluster interface-mode individual check-details

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# cluster interface-mode individual check-details

Caution

 

After you set the interface mode, you can continue to connect to the interface using SSH; however, if you reload the ASA before you configure your management interface to comply with clustering requirements (for example, adding a cluster IP pool or getting the IP address from DHCP), you will not be able to reconnect because cluster-incompatible interface configuration is removed. In that case, you will have to connect to the console port, if available, to fix the interface configuration.

Step 2

Set the interface mode for clustering:

cluster interface-mode individual force

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# cluster interface-mode individual force

There is no default setting; you must explicitly choose the mode. If you have not set the mode, you cannot enable clustering.

The force option changes the mode without checking your configuration for incompatible settings. You need to manually fix any configuration issues after you change the mode. Because any interface configuration can only be fixed after you set the mode, we recommend using the force option so that you can at least start from the existing configuration. You can re-run the check-details option after you set the mode for more guidance.

Without the force option, if there is any incompatible configuration, you are prompted to clear your configuration and reload, thus requiring you to connect to the console port (if available) to reconfigure your management access. If your configuration is compatible (rare), the mode is changed and the configuration is preserved. If you do not want to clear your configuration, you can exit the command by typing n.

To remove the interface mode, enter the no cluster interface-mode command.

Configure Individual Interfaces

You must modify any interface that is currently configured with an IP address to be cluster-ready before you enable clustering. At a minimum, you may need to modify the management interface to which SSH is currently connected when you use a static IP address for management. For other interfaces, you can configure them before or after you enable clustering; we recommend pre-configuring all of your interfaces so that the complete configuration is synced to new cluster nodes.

This section describes how to configure interfaces to be Individual interfaces compatible with clustering. Individual interfaces are normal routed interfaces, each with their own IP address taken from a pool of IP addresses. The Main cluster IP address is a fixed address for the cluster that always belongs to the current control node. All data interfaces must be Individual interfaces.

For the Management interface, you can configure an IP address pool or you can use DHCP; only the Management interface supports getting an address from DHCP. To use DHCP, do not use this procedure; instead configure it as usual (see Configure General Routed Mode Interface Parameters).

Before you begin

  • (Optional) Configure subinterfaces.

  • For the management interface, you can use a static address or you can use DHCP. If you are using static IP addresses and connecting remotely to the management interface using SSH, the current IP address of prospective data nodes are for temporary use.

    • Each member will be assigned an IP address from the cluster IP pool defined on the control node.

    • The cluster IP pool cannot include addresses already in use on the network, including prospective secondary IP addresses.

      For example:

      1. You configure the control node to use 10.1.1.1.

      2. Other nodes use 10.1.1.2, 10.1.1.3, and 10.1.1.4.

      3. When you configure the cluster IP pool on the control node, you cannot include the .2, .3, or .4 addresses in the pool, because they are in use.

      4. Instead, you need to use other IP addresses on the network, such as .5, .6, .7, and .8.


        Note

        The pool needs as many addresses as there are members of the cluster, including the control node; the original .1 address is the main cluster IP address that belongs to the current control node.

      5. After you join the cluster, the old, temporary addresses are relinquished and can be used elsewhere.

Procedure

Step 1

Configure a pool of Local IP addresses (IPv4 and/or IPv6), one of which will be assigned to each cluster node for the interface:

(IPv4)

ip local pool poolname first-address — last-address [mask mask]

(IPv6)

ipv6 local pool poolname ipv6-address/prefix-length number_of_addresses

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# ip local pool ins 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.9
ciscoasa(config-if)# ipv6 local pool insipv6 2001:DB8:45:1003/64 8

Include at least as many addresses as there are nodes in the cluster. If you plan to expand the cluster, include additional addresses. The Main cluster IP address that belongs to the current control node is not a part of this pool; be sure to reserve an IP address on the same network for the Main cluster IP address.

You cannot determine the exact Local address assigned to each node in advance; to see the address used on each node, enter the show ip[v6] local pool poolname command. Each cluster member is assigned a member ID when it joins the cluster. The ID determines the Local IP used from the pool.

Step 2

Enter interface configuration mode:

interface interface_id

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1

Step 3

Name the interface:

nameif name

Example:

ciscoasa(config-if)# nameif inside

The name is a text string up to 48 characters, and is not case-sensitive. You can change the name by reentering this command with a new value.

Step 4

Set the Main cluster IP address and identify the cluster pool:

(IPv4)

ip address ip_address [mask] cluster-pool poolname

(IPv6)

ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length cluster-pool poolname

Example:

ciscoasa(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool ins
ciscoasa(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:DB8:45:1003::99/64 cluster-pool insipv6

This IP address must be on the same network as the cluster pool addresses, but not be part of the pool. You can configure an IPv4 and/or an IPv6 address.

DHCP, PPPoE, and IPv6 autoconfiguration are not supported; you must manually configure the IP addresses.

Step 5

Set the security level, where number is an integer between 0 (lowest) and 100 (highest):

security-level number

Example:

ciscoasa(config-if)# security-level 100

Step 6

Enable the interface:

no shutdown

Examples

The following example configures the Management 0/0, GigabitEthernet 0/0, and GigabitEthernet 0/1 interfaces as Individual interfaces: 


ip local pool mgmt 10.1.1.2-10.1.1.9
ipv6 local pool mgmtipv6 2001:DB8:45:1002/64 8

interface management 0/0
nameif management
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool mgmt
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:45:1001::99/64 cluster-pool mgmtipv6
security-level 100
no shutdown

ip local pool out 209.165.200.225-209.165.200.232
ipv6 local pool outipv6 2001:DB8:45:1002/64 8

interface gigabitethernet 0/0
nameif outside
ip address 209.165.200.233 255.255.255.224 cluster-pool out
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:45:1002::99/64 cluster-pool outipv6
security-level 0
no shutdown

ip local pool ins 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.9
ipv6 local pool insipv6 2001:DB8:45:1003/64 8

interface gigabitethernet 0/1
nameif inside
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool ins
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:45:1003::99/64 cluster-pool insipv6
security-level 100
no shutdown

Create the Bootstrap Configuration

Each node in the cluster requires a bootstrap configuration to join the cluster.

Configure Control Node Bootstrap Settings

Each node in the cluster requires a bootstrap configuration to join the cluster. Typically, the first node you configure to join the cluster will be the control node. After you enable clustering, after an election period, the cluster elects a control node. With only one node in the cluster initially, that node will become the control node. Subsequent nodes that you add to the cluster will be data nodes.

Before you begin

  • Back up your configurations in case you later want to leave the cluster, and need to restore your configuration.

  • With the exception of the cluster control link and the Management interface, which can optionally use DHCP, any interfaces in your configuration must be configured with a cluster IP pool before you enable clustering. If you have pre-existing interface configuration, you can either clear the interface configuration (clear configure interface), or convert your interfaces to cluster interfaces before you enable clustering.

  • When you add a node to a running cluster, you may see temporary, limited packet/connection drops; this is expected behavior.

  • Enable jumbo frame reservation for use with the cluster control link, so you can set the cluster control link MTU to the recommended value. See the jumbo-frame reservation command. Enabling jumbo frames causes the ASA to reload, so you must perform this step before continuing with this procedure.

Procedure

Step 1

Configure a VXLAN interface for the cluster control link interface before you join the cluster.

You will later identify this interface as the cluster control link when you enable clustering.

The cluster control link interface configuration is not replicated from the control node to data nodes; however, you must use the same configuration on each node. Because this configuration is not replicated, you must configure the cluster control link interfaces separately on each node.

  1. Identify the VTEP peer IP addresses by creating a network object group.

    See the "Objects for Access Control" chapter in the ASA firewall configuration guide for more information about network object groups.

    The underlying IP network between VTEPs is independent of the cluster control link network that the VNI interfaces use. Each VTEP source interface has an IP address on the same subnet. This subnet should be isolated from all other traffic, and should include only the cluster control link interfaces.

    Example:

    The following example creates a network object group with hosts defined inline: 

    
ciscoasa(config)# object-group network cluster-peers
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.51
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.52
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.53
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.54

    The following example creates a network object group that refers to a standalone network object: 

    
ciscoasa(config)# object network xyz
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 10.6.6.51 10.6.6.54

ciscoasa(config)# object-group network cluster-peers
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object object xyz

  2. Configure the VTEP source interface.

    interface interface_id

    nve-only cluster

    nameif name

    ip address ip_address subnet_mask

    no shutdown

    The IP address should be included as one of the peers in the network object group.

    Example:
    
ciscoasa(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/7
ciscoasa(config-if)# nve-only cluster
ciscoasa(config-if)# nameif ccl
ciscoasa(config-if)# ip address 10.6.6.51 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config-if)# no shutdown

  3. Associate the VTEP source interface with the NVE instance.

    nve 1

    source-interface interface-name

    peer-group network_object_name

    You can only specify one NVE instance, with the ID 1.

    The encapsulation vxlan command is added by default for the NVE instance; you do not need to explicitly add it.

    Example:
    
ciscoasa(config)# nve 1
ciscoasa(cfg-nve)# source-interface ccl
ciscoasa(cfg-nve)# peer-group cluster-peers

  4. Specify the maximum transmission unit for the VTEP source interface to be at least 154 bytes higher than the highest MTU of the data interfaces.

    mtu interface_name bytes

    Because the cluster control link traffic includes data packet forwarding, the cluster control link needs to accommodate the entire size of a data packet plus cluster traffic overhead (100 bytes) and VXLAN overhead (54 bytes). Set the MTU between 1554 and 9198 bytes. The default MTU is 1554 bytes. We suggest setting the cluster control link MTU to 1654 when data interfaces are set to 1500; this value requires jumbo frame reservation (see the jumbo-frame reservation command).

    For example, when using jumbo frames, because the maximum MTU is 9198 bytes, then the highest data interface MTU can be 9044, while the cluster control link can be set to 9198.

    This command is replicated to data nodes, but we recommend you configure this setting along with the bootstrap settings.

    Example:
    
ciscoasa(config)# mtu ccl 1654

  5. (Optional) Set the VXLAN UDP port.

    vxlan port number

    By default, the VTEP source interface accepts VXLAN traffic to UDP port 4789. If your network uses a non-standard port, you can change it.

    Example:
    
ciscoasa(config)# vxlan port 5678

  6. Create the VNI interface.

    interface vni vni_num

    segment-id id

    vtep-nve 1

    Example:
    
ciscoasa(config)# interface vni 1
ciscoasa(config-if)# segment-id 1000
ciscoasa(config-if)# vtep-nve 1

    • Set the VNI number between 1 and 10000. This ID is only an internal interface identifier.

    • Set the segment ID between 1 and 16777215. The segment ID is used for VXLAN tagging.

    Do not configure a name for the interface or any other parameters.

Step 2

Name the cluster and enter cluster configuration mode:

cluster group name

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# cluster group pod1

The name must be an ASCII string from 1 to 38 characters. You can only configure one cluster group per node. All members of the cluster must use the same name.

Step 3

Name this member of the cluster:

local-unit node_name

Use a unique ASCII string from 1 to 38 characters. Each node must have a unique name. A node with a duplicated name will not be allowed in the cluster.

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# local-unit node1

Step 4

Specify the cluster control link VNI interface:

cluster-interface vni_interface_id ip ip_address mask

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# cluster-interface vni1 ip 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
INFO: Non-cluster interface config is cleared on VNI1

Specify an IPv4 address for the IP address; IPv6 is not supported for this interface. For each node, specify a different IP address on the same network. The VNI network is the encrypted virtual network that runs on top of the physical VTEP network.

Step 5

Set the priority of this node for control node elections:

priority priority_number

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# priority 1

The priority is between 1 and 100, where 1 is the highest priority.

Step 6

(Optional) Set an authentication key for control traffic on the cluster control link:

key shared_secret

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# key chuntheunavoidable

The shared secret is an ASCII string from 1 to 63 characters. The shared secret is used to generate the key. This command does not affect datapath traffic, including connection state update and forwarded packets, which are always sent in the clear.

Step 7

Enable clustering:

enable [noconfirm]

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# enable
INFO: Clustering is not compatible with following commands:
policy-map global_policy
 class inspection_default
 inspect skinny
policy-map global_policy
 class inspection_default
  inspect sip
 Would you like to remove these commands? [Y]es/[N]o:Y

INFO: Removing incompatible commands from running configuration...
Cryptochecksum (changed): f16b7fc2 a742727e e40bc0b0 cd169999
INFO: Done

When you enter the enable command, the ASA scans the running configuration for incompatible commands for features that are not supported with clustering, including commands that may be present in the default configuration. You are prompted to delete the incompatible commands. If you respond No, then clustering is not enabled. Use the noconfirm keyword to bypass the confirmation and delete incompatible commands automatically.

For the first node enabled, a control node election occurs. Because the first node should be the only member of the cluster so far, it will become the control node. Do not perform any configuration changes during this period.

To disable clustering, enter the no enable command.

Note

 

If you disable clustering, all data interfaces are shut down, and only the management interface is active.

Examples

The following example configures the management, inside, and outside interfaces and the VXLAN cluster control link, and then enables clustering for the ASA called “node1,” which will become the control node because it is added to the cluster first: 


ip local pool mgmt 10.1.1.2-10.1.1.9
ipv6 local pool mgmtipv6 2001:DB8:45:1002/64 8

interface management 0/0
    nameif management
    ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool mgmt
    ipv6 address 2001:DB8:45:1001::99/64 cluster-pool mgmtipv6
    security-level 100
    no shutdown

ip local pool out 209.165.200.225-209.165.200.232
ipv6 local pool outipv6 2001:DB8:45:1002/64 8

interface gigabitethernet 0/0
    nameif outside
    ip address 209.165.200.233 255.255.255.224 cluster-pool out
    ipv6 address 2001:DB8:45:1002::99/64 cluster-pool outipv6
    security-level 0
    no shutdown

ip local pool ins 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.9
ipv6 local pool insipv6 2001:DB8:45:1003/64 8

interface gigabitethernet 0/1
    nameif inside
    ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 cluster-pool ins
    ipv6 address 2001:DB8:45:1003::99/64 cluster-pool insipv6
    security-level 100
    no shutdown

object-group network cluster-peers
    network-object host 10.6.6.51
    network-object host 10.6.6.52
    network-object host 10.6.6.53
    network-object host 10.6.6.54

interface gigabitethernet 0/7
    nve-only cluster
    nameif ccl
    ip address 10.6.6.51 255.255.255.0
    no shutdown

nve 1
    source-interface ccl
    peer-group cluster-peers

mtu ccl 1654

interface vni 1
    segment-id 1000
    vtep-nve 1

cluster group pod1
    local-unit node1
    cluster-interface vni1 ip 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
    priority 1
    key 67impala
    enable noconfirm

Configure Data Node Bootstrap Settings

Perform the following procedure to configure the data nodes.

Before you begin

  • Back up your configurations in case you later want to leave the cluster, and need to restore your configuration.

  • With the exception of the cluster control link and the Management interface, which can optionally use DHCP, any interfaces in your configuration must be configured with a cluster IP pool before you enable clustering. If you have pre-existing interface configuration, you can either clear the interface configuration (clear configure interface), or convert your interfaces to cluster interfaces before you enable clustering.

  • When you add a node to a running cluster, you may see temporary, limited packet/connection drops; this is expected behavior.

  • Enable jumbo frame reservation for use with the cluster control link, so you can set the cluster control link MTU to the recommended value. See the jumbo-frame reservation command. Enabling jumbo frames causes the ASA to reload, so you must perform this step before continuing with this procedure.

Procedure

Step 1

Configure the same cluster control link interface as you configured for the control node. Be sure to supply a different IP address for the VTEP source interface (shown in bold).

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# object-group network cluster-peers
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.51
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.52
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.53
ciscoasa(network-object-group)# network-object host 10.6.6.54
ciscoasa(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/7
ciscoasa(config-if)# nve-only cluster
ciscoasa(config-if)# nameif ccl
ciscoasa(config-if)# ip address 10.6.6.52 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config-if)# no shutdown
ciscoasa(config)# nve 1
ciscoasa(cfg-nve)# source-interface ccl
ciscoasa(cfg-nve)# peer-group cluster-peers
ciscoasa(config)# mtu ccl 1654
ciscoasa(config)# interface vni 1
ciscoasa(config-if)# segment-id 1000
ciscoasa(config-if)# vtep-nve 1

Step 2

Identify the same cluster name that you configured for the control node:

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# cluster group pod1

Step 3

Name this member of the cluster with a unique string:

local-unit node_name

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# local-unit node2

Specify an ASCII string from 1 to 38 characters.

Each node must have a unique name. A node with a duplicated name will be not be allowed in the cluster.

Step 4

Specify the same cluster control link interface that you configured for the control node, but specify a different IP address on the same network for each node:

cluster-interface vni_interface_id ip ip_address mask

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# cluster-interface vni1 ip 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
INFO: Non-cluster interface config is cleared on VNI1

Specify an IPv4 address for the IP address; IPv6 is not supported for this interface. This interface cannot have a nameif configured.

Step 5

If you use inter-site clustering, set the site ID for this node so it uses a site-specific MAC address:

site-id number

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# site-id 2

The number is between 1 and 8.

Step 6

Set the priority of this node for control node elections, typically to a higher value than the control node:

priority priority_number

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# priority 2

Set the priority between 1 and 100, where 1 is the highest priority.

Step 7

Set the same authentication key that you set for the control node:

Example:

ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# key chuntheunavoidable

Step 8

Enable clustering:

enable as-slave

You can avoid any configuration incompatibilities (primarily the existence of any interfaces not yet configured for clustering) by using the enable as-slave command. This command ensures the data node joins the cluster with no possibility of becoming the control node in any current election. Its configuration is overwritten with the one synced from the control node.

To disable clustering, enter the no enable command.

Note

 

If you disable clustering, all data interfaces are shut down, and only the management interface is active.

Examples

The following example includes the configuration for a data node, node2: 


object-group network cluster-peers
    network-object host 10.6.6.51
    network-object host 10.6.6.52
    network-object host 10.6.6.53
    network-object host 10.6.6.54

interface gigabitethernet 0/7
    nve-only cluster
    nameif ccl
    ip address 10.6.6.52 255.255.255.0
    no shutdown

nve 1
    source-interface ccl
    peer-group cluster-peers

mtu ccl 1654

interface vni 1
    segment-id 1000
    vtep-nve 1

cluster group pod1
    local-unit node2
    cluster-interface vni1 ip 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
    priority 2
    key 67impala
    enable noconfirm

Customize the Clustering Operation

You can customize clustering health monitoring, TCP connection replication delay, flow mobility and other optimizations, either as part of the Day 0 configuration or after you deploy the cluster.

Perform these procedures on the control node.

Configure Basic ASA Cluster Parameters

You can customize cluster settings on the control node.

Procedure

Step 1

Enter cluster configuration mode:

cluster group name

Step 2

(Optional) Enable console replication from data nodes to the control node:

console-replicate

This feature is disabled by default. The ASA prints out some messages directly to the console for certain critical events. If you enable console replication, data nodes send the console messages to the control node so that you only need to monitor one console port for the cluster.

Step 3

Set the minimum trace level for clustering events:

trace-level level

Set the minimum level as desired:

  • critical —Critical events (severity=1)

  • warning —Warnings (severity=2)

  • informational —Informational events (severity=3)

  • debug —Debugging events (severity=4)

Configure Health Monitoring and Auto-Rejoin Settings

This procedure configures node and interface health monitoring.

You might want to disable health monitoring of non-essential interfaces, for example, the management interface. Health monitoring is not performed on VLAN subinterfaces. You cannot configure monitoring for the cluster control link; it is always monitored.

Procedure

Step 1

Enter cluster configuration mode.

cluster group name

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# cluster group test
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)#

Step 2

Customize the cluster node health check feature.

health-check [holdtime timeout]

To determine node health, the ASA cluster nodes send heartbeat messages on the cluster control link to other nodes. If a node does not receive any heartbeat messages from a peer node within the holdtime period, the peer node is considered unresponsive or dead.

  • holdtime timeout —Determines the amount of time between node heartbeat status messages, between .3 and 45 seconds; The default is 3 seconds.

When any topology changes occur (such as adding or removing a data interface, enabling or disabling an interface on the ASA or the switch) you should disable the health check feature and also disable interface monitoring for the disabled interfaces (no health-check monitor-interface ). When the topology change is complete, and the configuration change is synced to all nodes, you can re-enable the health check feature.

Example:


ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# health-check holdtime 5

Step 3

Disable the interface health check on an interface.

no health-check monitor-interface interface_id

The interface health check monitors for link failures. The amount of time before the ASA removes a member from the cluster depends on whether the node is an established member or is joining the cluster. Health check is enabled by default for all interfaces. You can disable it per interface using the no form of this command. You might want to disable health monitoring of non-essential interfaces, for example, the management interface.

  • interface_id —Disables monitoring of an interface. Health monitoring is not performed on VLAN subinterfaces. You cannot configure monitoring for the cluster control link; it is always monitored.

When any topology changes occur (such as adding or removing a data interface, enabling or disabling an interface on the ASA or the switch) you should disable the health check feature (no health-check ) and also disable interface monitoring for the disabled interfaces. When the topology change is complete, and the configuration change is synced to all nodes, you can re-enable the health check feature.

Example:


ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# no health-check monitor-interface management1/1

Step 4

Customize the auto-rejoin cluster settings after a health check failure.

health-check {data-interface | cluster-interface | system} auto-rejoin [unlimited | auto_rejoin_max] auto_rejoin_interval auto_rejoin_interval_variation

  • system —Specifies the auto-rejoin settings for internal errors. Internal failures include: application sync timeout; inconsistent application statuses; and so on.

  • unlimited —(Default for the cluster-interface ) Does not limit the number of rejoin attempts.

  • auto-rejoin-max —Sets the number of rejoin attempts, between 0 and 65535. 0 disables auto-rejoining. The default for the data-interface and system is 3.

  • auto_rejoin_interval —Defines the interval duration in minutes between rejoin attempts, between 2 and 60. The default value is 5 minutes. The maximum total time that the node attempts to rejoin the cluster is limited to 14400 minutes (10 days) from the time of last failure.

  • auto_rejoin_interval_variation —Defines if the interval duration increases. Set the value between 1 and 3: 1 (no change); 2 (2 x the previous duration), or 3 (3 x the previous duration). For example, if you set the interval duration to 5 minutes, and set the variation to 2, then the first attempt is after 5 minutes; the 2nd attempt is 10 minutes (2 x 5); the 3rd attempt 20 minutes (2 x 10), and so on. The default value is 1 for the cluster-interface and 2 for the data-interface and system.

Example:


ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# health-check data-interface auto-rejoin 10 3 3

Step 5

Configure the debounce time before the ASA considers an interface to be failed and the node is removed from the cluster.

health-check monitor-interface debounce-time ms

Example:


ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# health-check monitor-interface debounce-time 300

Set the debounce time between 300 and 9000 ms. The default is 500 ms. Lower values allow for faster detection of interface failures. Note that configuring a lower debounce time increases the chances of false-positives. When an interface status update occurs, the ASA waits the number of milliseconds specified before marking the interface as failed and the node is removed from the cluster.

Step 6

(Optional) Configure traffic load monitoring.

load-monitor [frequency seconds] [intervals intervals]

  • frequency seconds —Sets the time in seconds between monitoring messages, between 10 and 360 seconds. The default is 20 seconds.

  • intervals intervals —Sets the number of intervals for which the ASA maintains data, between 1 and 60. The default is 30.

You can monitor the traffic load for cluster members, including total connection count, CPU and memory usage, and buffer drops. If the load is too high, you can choose to manually disable clustering on the node if the remaining nodes can handle the load, or adjust the load balancing on the external switch. This feature is enabled by default. You can periodically monitor the traffic load. If the load is too high, you can choose to manually disable clustering on the node.

Use the show cluster info load-monitor command to view the traffic load.

Example:


ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# load-monitor frequency 50 intervals 25
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info load-monitor
ID  Unit Name
0  B
1  A_1
Information from all units with 50 second interval:
Unit     Connections    Buffer Drops   Memory Used   CPU Used
Average from last 1 interval:
   0           0            0            14              25
   1           0            0            16              20
Average from last 25 interval:
   0           0            0            12              28
   1           0            0            13              27

Example

The following example configures the health-check holdtime to .3 seconds; disables monitoring on the Management 0/0 interface; sets the auto-rejoin for data interfaces to 4 attempts starting at 2 minutes, increasing the duration by 3 x the previous interval; and sets the auto-rejoin for the cluster control link to 6 attempts every 2 minutes. 


ciscoasa(config)# cluster group test
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# health-check holdtime .3
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# no health-check monitor-interface management0/0
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# health-check data-interface auto-rejoin 4 2 3
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# health-check cluster-interface auto-rejoin 6 2 1

Configure Connection Rebalancing and the Cluster TCP Replication Delay

You can configure connection rebalancing. If the load balancing capabilities of the upstream or downstream routers result in unbalanced flow distribution, you can configure overloaded nodes to redirect new TCP flows to other nodes. No existing flows will be moved to other nodes.

Enable the cluster replication delay for TCP connections to help eliminate the “unnecessary work” related to short-lived flows by delaying the director/backup flow creation. Note that if a node fails before the director/backup flow is created, then those flows cannot be recovered. Similarly, if traffic is rebalanced to a different node before the flow is created, then the flow cannot be recovered. You should not enable the TCP replication delay for traffic on which you disable TCP randomization.

Procedure

Step 1

Enable the cluster replication delay for TCP connections:

cluster replication delay seconds {http | match tcp {host ip_address | ip_address mask | any | any4 | any6} [{eq | lt | gt} port] {host ip_address | ip_address mask | any | any4 | any6} [{eq | lt | gt} port]}

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# cluster replication delay 15 match tcp any any eq ftp
ciscoasa(config)# cluster replication delay 15 http

Set the seconds between 1 and 15. The http delay is enabled by default for 5 seconds.

Step 2

Enter cluster configuration mode:

cluster group name

Step 3

(Optional) Enable connection rebalancing for TCP traffic:

conn-rebalance [frequency seconds]

Example:


ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# conn-rebalance frequency 60

This command is disabled by default. If enabled, ASAs exchange load information periodically, and offload new connections from more loaded devices to less loaded devices. The frequency, between 1 and 360 seconds, specifies how often the load information is exchanged. The default is 5 seconds.

Do not configure connection rebalancing for inter-site topologies; you do not want connections rebalanced to cluster members at a different site.

Configure Inter-Site Features

For inter-site clustering, you can customize your configuration to enhance redundancy and stability.

Enable Director Localization

To improve performance and reduce round-trip time latency for inter-site clustering for data centers, you can enable director localization. New connections are typically load-balanced and owned by cluster members within a given site. However, the ASA assigns the director role to a member at any site. Director localization enables additional director roles: a local director at the same site as the owner, and a global director that can be at any site. Keeping the owner and director at the same site improves performance. Also, if the original owner fails, the local director chooses a new connection owner at the same site. The global director is used if a cluster member receives packets for a connection that is owned on a different site.

Before you begin

  • Set the site ID for the cluster member in the bootstrap configuration.

  • The following traffic types do not support localization: NAT or PAT traffic; SCTP-inspected traffic; Fragmentation owner query.

Procedure

Step 1

Enter cluster configuration mode.

cluster group name

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# cluster group cluster1
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)#

Step 2

Enable director localization.

director-localization

Enable Site Redundancy

To protect flows from a site failure, you can enable site redundancy. If the connection backup owner is at the same site as the owner, then an additional backup owner will be chosen from another site to protect flows from a site failure.

Before you begin

  • Set the site ID for the cluster member in the bootstrap configuration.

Procedure

Step 1

Enter cluster configuration mode.

cluster group name

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# cluster group cluster1
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)#

Step 2

Enable site redundancy.

site-redundancy

Configure Cluster Flow Mobility

You can inspect LISP traffic to enable flow mobility when a server moves between sites.

About LISP Inspection

You can inspect LISP traffic to enable flow mobility between sites.

About LISP

Data center virtual machine mobility such as VMware VMotion enables servers to migrate between data centers while maintaining connections to clients. To support such data center server mobility, routers need to be able to update the ingress route towards the server when it moves. Cisco Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) architecture separates the device identity, or endpoint identifier (EID), from its location, or routing locator (RLOC), into two different numbering spaces, making server migration transparent to clients. For example, when a server moves to a new site and a client sends traffic to the server, the router redirects traffic to the new location.

LISP requires routers and servers in certain roles, such as the LISP egress tunnel router (ETR), ingress tunnel router (ITR), first hop routers, map resolver (MR), and map server (MS). When the first hop router for the server senses that the server is connected to a different router, it updates all of the other routers and databases so that the ITR connected to the client can intercept, encapsulate, and send traffic to the new server location.

ASA LISP Support

The ASA does not run LISP itself; it can, however, inspect LISP traffic for location changes and then use this information for seamless clustering operation. Without LISP integration, when a server moves to a new site, traffic comes to an ASA cluster member at the new site instead of to the original flow owner. The new ASA forwards traffic to the ASA at the old site, and then the old ASA has to send traffic back to the new site to reach the server. This traffic flow is sub-optimal and is known as “tromboning” or “hair-pinning.”

With LISP integration, the ASA cluster members can inspect LISP traffic passing between the first hop router and the ETR or ITR, and can then change the flow owner to be at the new site.

LISP Guidelines

  • The ASA cluster members must reside between the first hop router and the ITR or ETR for the site. The ASA cluster itself cannot be the first hop router for an extended segment.

  • Only fully-distributed flows are supported; centralized flows, semi-distributed flows, or flows belonging to individual nodes are not moved to new owners. Semi-distributed flows include applications, such as SIP, where all child flows are owned by the same ASA that owns the parent flow.

  • The cluster only moves Layer 3 and 4 flow states; some application data might be lost.

  • For short-lived flows or non-business-critical flows, moving the owner may not be worthwhile. You can control the types of traffic that are supported with this feature when you configure the inspection policy, and should limit flow mobility to essential traffic.

ASA LISP Implementation

This feature includes several inter-related configurations (all of which are described in this chapter):

  1. (Optional) Limit inspected EIDs based on the host or server IP address—The first hop router might send EID-notify messages for hosts or networks the ASA cluster is not involved with, so you can limit the EIDs to only those servers or networks relevant to your cluster. For example, if the cluster is only involved with 2 sites, but LISP is running on 3 sites, you should only include EIDs for the 2 sites involved with the cluster.

  2. LISP traffic inspection—The ASA inspects LISP traffic on UDP port 4342 for the EID-notify message sent between the first hop router and the ITR or ETR. The ASA maintains an EID table that correlates the EID and the site ID. For example, you should inspect LISP traffic with a source IP address of the first hop router and a destination address of the ITR or ETR. Note that LISP traffic is not assigned a director, and LISP traffic itself does not participate in cluster state sharing.

  3. Service Policy to enable flow mobility on specified traffic—You should enable flow mobility on business-critical traffic. For example, you can limit flow mobility to only HTTPS traffic, and/or to traffic to specific servers.

  4. Site IDs—The ASA uses the site ID for each cluster node to determine the new owner.

  5. Cluster-level configuration to enable flow mobility—You must also enable flow mobility at the cluster level. This on/off toggle lets you easily enable or disable flow mobility for a particular class of traffic or applications.

Configure LISP Inspection

You can inspect LISP traffic to enable flow mobility when a server moves between sites.

Before you begin
Procedure

Step 1

(Optional) Configure a LISP inspection map to limit inspected EIDs based on IP address, and to configure the LISP pre-shared key:

  1. Create an extended ACL; only the destination IP address is matched to the EID embedded address:

    access list eid_acl_name extended permit ip source_address mask destination_address mask

    Both IPv4 and IPv6 ACLs are accepted. See the command reference for exact access-list extended syntax.

  2. Create the LISP inspection map, and enter parameters mode:

    policy-map type inspect lisp inspect_map_name

    parameters

  3. Define the allowed EIDs by identifying the ACL you created:

    allowed-eid access-list eid_acl_name

    The first hop router or ITR/ETR might send EID-notify messages for hosts or networks that the ASA cluster is not involved with, so you can limit the EIDs to only those servers or networks relevant to your cluster. For example, if the cluster is only involved with 2 sites, but LISP is running on 3 sites, you should only include EIDs for the 2 sites involved with the cluster.

  4. If necessary, enter the pre-shared key:

    validate-key key

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# access-list TRACKED_EID_LISP extended permit ip any 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect lisp LISP_EID_INSPECT
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters 
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# allowed-eid access-list TRACKED_EID_LISP
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# validate-key MadMaxShinyandChrome

Step 2

Configure LISP inspection for UDP traffic between the first hop router and the ITR or ETR on port 4342:

  1. Configure the extended ACL to identify LISP traffic:

    access list inspect_acl_name extended permit udp source_address mask destination_address mask eq 4342

    You must specify UDP port 4342. Both IPv4 and IPv6 ACLs are accepted. See the command reference for exact access-list extended syntax.

  2. Create a class map for the ACL:

    class-map inspect_class_name

    match access-list inspect_acl_name

  3. Specify the policy map, the class map, enable inspection using the optional LISP inspection map, and apply the service policy to an interface (if new):

    policy-map policy_map_name

    class inspect_class_name

    inspect lisp [inspect_map_name]

    service-policy policy_map_name {global | interface ifc_name}

    If you have an existing service policy, specify the existing policy map name. By default, the ASA includes a global policy called global_policy, so for a global policy, specify that name. You can also create one service policy per interface if you do not want to apply the policy globally. LISP inspection is applied to traffic bidirectionally so you do not need to apply the service policy on both the source and destination interfaces; all traffic that enters or exits the interface to which you apply the policy map is affected if the traffic matches the class map for both directions.

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# access-list LISP_ACL extended permit udp host 192.168.50.89 host 192.168.10.8 eq 4342
ciscoasa(config)# class-map LISP_CLASS
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list LISP_ACL
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# policy-map INSIDE_POLICY
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class LISP_CLASS
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect lisp LISP_EID_INSPECT
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy INSIDE_POLICY interface inside

The ASA inspects LISP traffic for the EID-notify message sent between the first hop router and the ITR or ETR. The ASA maintains an EID table that correlates the EID and the site ID.

Step 3

Enable Flow Mobility for a traffic class:

  1. Configure the extended ACL to identify business critical traffic that you want to re-assign to the most optimal site when servers change sites:

    access list flow_acl_name extended permit udp source_address mask destination_address mask eq port

    Both IPv4 and IPv6 ACLs are accepted. See the command reference for exact access-list extended syntax. You should enable flow mobility on business-critical traffic. For example, you can limit flow mobility to only HTTPS traffic, and/or to traffic to specific servers.

  2. Create a class map for the ACL:

    class-map flow_map_name

    match access-list flow_acl_name

  3. Specify the same policy map on which you enabled LISP inspection, the flow class map, and enable flow mobility:

    policy-map policy_map_name

    class flow_map_name

    cluster flow-mobility lisp

Example:

ciscoasa(config)# access-list IMPORTANT-FLOWS extended permit tcp any 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 eq https
ciscoasa(config)# class-map IMPORTANT-FLOWS-MAP
ciscoasa(config)# match access-list IMPORTANT-FLOWS
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# policy-map INSIDE_POLICY
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class IMPORTANT-FLOWS-MAP
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# cluster flow-mobility lisp

Step 4

Enter cluster group configuration mode, and enable flow mobility for the cluster:

cluster group name

flow-mobility lisp

This on/off toggle lets you easily enable or disable flow mobility.

Examples

The following example:

  • Limits EIDs to those on the 10.10.10.0/24 network

  • Inspects LISP traffic (UDP 4342) between a LISP router at 192.168.50.89 (on inside) and an ITR or ETR router (on another ASA interface) at 192.168.10.8

  • Enables flow mobility for all inside traffic going to a server on 10.10.10.0/24 using HTTPS.

  • Enables flow mobility for the cluster. 


access-list TRACKED_EID_LISP extended permit ip any 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0
policy-map type inspect lisp LISP_EID_INSPECT
   parameters 
      allowed-eid access-list TRACKED_EID_LISP
      validate-key MadMaxShinyandChrome
!
access-list LISP_ACL extended permit udp host 192.168.50.89 host 192.168.10.8 eq 4342
class-map LISP_CLASS
   match access-list LISP_ACL
policy-map INSIDE_POLICY
   class LISP_CLASS
      inspect lisp LISP_EID_INSPECT
service-policy INSIDE_POLICY interface inside
!
access-list IMPORTANT-FLOWS extended permit tcp any 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 eq https
class-map IMPORTANT-FLOWS-MAP
   match access-list IMPORTANT-FLOWS
policy-map INSIDE_POLICY
   class IMPORTANT-FLOWS-MAP
      cluster flow-mobility lisp
!
cluster group cluster1
   flow-mobility lisp

Manage Cluster Nodes

After you deploy the cluster, you can change the configuration and manage cluster nodes.

Become an Inactive Node

To become an inactive member of the cluster, disable clustering on the node while leaving the clustering configuration intact.


Note

When an ASA becomes inactive (either manually or through a health check failure), all data interfaces are shut down; only the management-only interface can send and receive traffic. To resume traffic flow, re-enable clustering; or you can remove the node altogether from the cluster. The management interface remains up using the IP address the node received from the cluster IP pool. However if you reload, and the node is still inactive in the cluster (for example, you saved the configuration with clustering disabled), then the management interface is disabled. You must use the console port for any further configuration.

Procedure

Step 1

Enter cluster configuration mode:

cluster group name

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# cluster group pod1

Step 2

Disable clustering:

no enable

If this node was the control node, a new control election takes place, and a different member becomes the control node.

The cluster configuration is maintained, so that you can enable clustering again later.

Deactivate a Data Node from the Control Node

To deactivate a member other than the node you are logged into, perform the following steps.


Note

When an ASA becomes inactive, all data interfaces are shut down; only the management-only interface can send and receive traffic. To resume traffic flow, re-enable clustering. The management interface remains up using the IP address the node received from the cluster IP pool. However if you reload, and the node is still inactive in the cluster (for example, if you saved the configuration with clustering disabled), the management interface is disabled. You must use the console port for any further configuration.

Procedure

Remove the node from the cluster.

cluster remove unit node_name

The bootstrap configuration remains intact, as well as the last configuration synched from the control node, so that you can later re-add the node without losing your configuration. If you enter this command on a data node to remove the control node, a new control node is elected.

To view member names, enter cluster remove unit ?, or enter the show cluster info command.

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# cluster remove unit ?

Current active units in the cluster:
asa2

ciscoasa(config)# cluster remove unit asa2
WARNING: Clustering will be disabled on unit asa2. To bring it back
to the cluster please logon to that unit and re-enable clustering

Rejoin the Cluster

If a node was removed from the cluster, for example for a failed interface or if you manually deactivated a member, you must manually rejoin the cluster.

Procedure

Step 1

At the console, enter cluster configuration mode:

cluster group name

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# cluster group pod1

Step 2

Enable clustering.

enable

Leave the Cluster

If you want to leave the cluster altogether, you need to remove the entire cluster bootstrap configuration. Because the current configuration on each node is the same (synced from the active unit), leaving the cluster also means either restoring a pre-clustering configuration from backup, or clearing your configuration and starting over to avoid IP address conflicts.

Procedure

Step 1

For a data node, disable clustering:


cluster group cluster_name
  no enable

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# cluster group cluster1
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# no enable

You cannot make configuration changes while clustering is enabled on a data node.

Step 2

Clear the cluster configuration:

clear configure cluster

The ASA shuts down all interfaces including the management interface and cluster control link.

Step 3

Disable cluster interface mode:

no cluster interface-mode

The mode is not stored in the configuration and must be reset manually.

Step 4

If you have a backup configuration, copy the backup configuration to the running configuration:

copy backup_cfg running-config

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# copy backup_cluster.cfg running-config

Source filename [backup_cluster.cfg]?

Destination filename [running-config]?
ciscoasa(config)#

Step 5

Save the configuration to startup:

write memory

Step 6

If you do not have a backup configuration, reconfigure management access. Be sure to change the interface IP addresses, and restore the correct hostname, for example.

Change the Control Node


Caution

The best method to change the control node is to disable clustering on the control node, wait for a new control election, and then re-enable clustering. If you must specify the exact node you want to become the control node, use the procedure in this section. Note, however, that for centralized features, if you force a control node change using this procedure, then all connections are dropped, and you have to re-establish the connections on the new control node.

To change the control node, perform the following steps.

Procedure

Set a new node as the control node:

cluster master unitnode_name

Example:


ciscoasa(config)# cluster master unit asa2

You will need to reconnect to the Main cluster IP address.

To view member names, enter cluster master unit ? (to see all names except the current node), or enter the show cluster info command.

Execute a Command Cluster-Wide

To send a command to all nodes in the cluster, or to a specific node, perform the following steps. Sending a show command to all nodes collects all output and displays it on the console of the current node. Other commands, such as capture and copy, can also take advantage of cluster-wide execution.

Procedure

Send a command to all nodes, or if you specify the node name, a specific node:

cluster exec [unit node_name] command

Example:


ciscoasa# cluster exec show xlate

To view node names, enter cluster exec unit ? (to see all names except the current node), or enter the show cluster info command.

Examples

To copy the same capture file from all nodes in the cluster at the same time to a TFTP server, enter the following command on the control node: 


ciscoasa# cluster exec copy /pcap capture: tftp://10.1.1.56/capture1.pcap

Multiple PCAP files, one from each node, are copied to the TFTP server. The destination capture file name is automatically attached with the node name, such as capture1_asa1.pcap, capture1_asa2.pcap, and so on. In this example, asa1 and asa2 are cluster node names.

Monitoring the ASAv Cluster

You can monitor and troubleshoot cluster status and connections.

Monitoring Cluster Status

See the following commands for monitoring cluster status:

  • show cluster info [health [details]]

    With no keywords, the show cluster info command shows the status of all members of the cluster.

    The show cluster info health command shows the current health of interfaces, nodes, and the cluster overall. The details keyword shows the number heartbeat message failures.

    See the following output for the show cluster info command: 

    
ciscoasa# show cluster info
Cluster stbu: On
  This is "C" in state SLAVE
      ID        : 0
      Site ID   : 1
            Version   : 9.4(1)
      Serial No.: P3000000025
      CCL IP    : 10.0.0.3
      CCL MAC   : 000b.fcf8.c192
      Last join : 17:08:59 UTC Sep 26 2011
      Last leave: N/A
Other members in the cluster:
  Unit "D" in state SLAVE
      ID        : 1
      Site ID   : 1
            Version   : 9.4(1)
      Serial No.: P3000000001
      CCL IP    : 10.0.0.4
      CCL MAC   : 000b.fcf8.c162
      Last join : 19:13:11 UTC Sep 23 2011
      Last leave: N/A
  Unit "A" in state MASTER
      ID        : 2
      Site ID   : 2
            Version   : 9.4(1)
      Serial No.: JAB0815R0JY
      CCL IP    : 10.0.0.1
      CCL MAC   : 000f.f775.541e
      Last join : 19:13:20 UTC Sep 23 2011
      Last leave: N/A
  Unit "B" in state SLAVE
      ID        : 3
      Site ID   : 2
            Version   : 9.4(1)
      Serial No.: P3000000191
      CCL IP    : 10.0.0.2
      CCL MAC   : 000b.fcf8.c61e
      Last join : 19:13:50 UTC Sep 23 2011
      Last leave: 19:13:36 UTC Sep 23 2011

  • show cluster info auto-join

    Shows whether the cluster node will automatically rejoin the cluster after a time delay and if the failure conditions (such as waiting for the license, chassis health check failure, and so on) are cleared. If the node is permanently disabled, or if the node is already in the cluster, then this command will not show any output.

    See the following outputs for the show cluster info auto-join command: 

    
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info auto-join
Unit will try to join cluster in 253 seconds.
Quit reason: Received control message DISABLE
 
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info auto-join       
Unit will try to join cluster when quit reason is cleared.
Quit reason: Master has application down that slave has up.
 
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info auto-join        
Unit will try to join cluster when quit reason is cleared.
Quit reason: Chassis-blade health check failed.
 
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info auto-join        
Unit will try to join cluster when quit reason is cleared.
Quit reason: Service chain application became down.
 
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info auto-join
Unit will try to join cluster when quit reason is cleared.
Quit reason: Unit is kicked out from cluster because of Application health check failure.
 
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info auto-join
Unit join is pending (waiting for the smart license entitlement: ent1)
 
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info auto-join
Unit join is pending (waiting for the smart license export control flag)

  • show cluster info transport {asp | cp [detail]}

    Shows transport related statistics for the following:

    • asp —Data plane transport statistics.

    • cp —Control plane transport statistics.

      If you enter the detail keyword, you can view cluster reliable transport protocol usage so you can identify packet drop issues when the buffer is full in the control plane. See the following output for the show cluster info transport cp detail command: 

      
ciscoasa# show cluster info transport cp detail
Member ID to name mapping: 
  0 - unit-1-1   2 - unit-4-1   3 - unit-2-1 

Legend:
  U    - unreliable messages
  UE   - unreliable messages error
  SN   - sequence number
  ESN  - expecting sequence number
  R    - reliable messages
  RE   - reliable messages error
  RDC  - reliable message deliveries confirmed
  RA   - reliable ack packets received
  RFR  - reliable fast retransmits
  RTR  - reliable timer-based retransmits
  RDP  - reliable message dropped
  RDPR - reliable message drops reported
  RI   - reliable message with old sequence number
  RO   - reliable message with out of order sequence number
  ROW  - reliable message with out of window sequence number
  ROB  - out of order reliable messages buffered
  RAS  - reliable ack packets sent

This unit as a sender
--------------------------
        all       0         2         3         
  U     123301    3867966   3230662   3850381   
  UE    0         0         0         0         
  SN    1656a4ce  acb26fe   5f839f76  7b680831  
  R     733840    1042168   852285    867311    
  RE    0         0         0         0         
  RDC   699789    934969    740874    756490    
  RA    385525    281198    204021    205384    
  RFR   27626     56397     0         0         
  RTR   34051     107199    111411    110821    
  RDP   0         0         0         0         
  RDPR  0         0         0         0         

This unit as a receiver of broadcast messages
---------------------------------------------
        0         2         3         
  U     111847    121862    120029    
  R     7503      665700    749288    
  ESN   5d75b4b3  6d81d23   365ddd50  
  RI    630       34278     40291     
  RO    0         582       850       
  ROW   0         566       850       
  ROB   0         16        0         
  RAS   1571      123289    142256    

This unit as a receiver of unicast messages
---------------------------------------------
        0         2         3         
  U     1         3308122   4370233   
  R     513846    879979    1009492   
  ESN   4458903a  6d841a84  7b4e7fa7  
  RI    66024     108924    102114    
  RO    0         0         0         
  ROW   0         0         0         
  ROB   0         0         0         
  RAS   130258    218924    228303    

Gated Tx Buffered Message Statistics
-------------------------------------
    current sequence number: 0

    total:                   0
    current:                 0
    high watermark:          0

    delivered:               0
    deliver failures:        0

    buffer full drops:       0
    message truncate drops:  0

    gate close ref count:    0

    num of supported clients:45

MRT Tx of broadcast messages
=============================
Message high watermark: 3%
  Total messages buffered at high watermark: 5677
  [Per-client message usage at high watermark]
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  Client name                          Total messages  Percentage  
  Cluster Redirect Client                        4153         73% 
  Route Cluster Client                            419          7% 
  RRI Cluster Client                             1105         19% 

Current MRT buffer usage: 0%
  Total messages buffered in real-time: 1
  [Per-client message usage in real-time]
  Legend:
        F - MRT messages sending when buffer is full
        L - MRT messages sending when cluster node leave
        R - MRT messages sending in Rx thread
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Client name                          Total messages  Percentage    F   L   R
  VPN Clustering HA Client                          1        100%    0   0   0

MRT Tx of unitcast messages(to member_id:0)
============================================
Message high watermark: 31%
  Total messages buffered at high watermark: 4059
  [Per-client message usage at high watermark]
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  Client name                          Total messages  Percentage  
  Cluster Redirect Client                        3731         91% 
  RRI Cluster Client                              328          8% 

Current MRT buffer usage: 29%
  Total messages buffered in real-time: 3924
  [Per-client message usage in real-time]
  Legend:
        F - MRT messages sending when buffer is full
        L - MRT messages sending when cluster node leave
        R - MRT messages sending in Rx thread
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Client name                          Total messages  Percentage    F   L   R
  Cluster Redirect Client                        3607         91%    0   0   0
  RRI Cluster Client                              317          8%    0   0   0

MRT Tx of unitcast messages(to member_id:2)
============================================
Message high watermark: 14%
  Total messages buffered at high watermark: 578
  [Per-client message usage at high watermark]
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  Client name                          Total messages  Percentage  
  VPN Clustering HA Client                        578        100% 

Current MRT buffer usage: 0%
  Total messages buffered in real-time: 0

MRT Tx of unitcast messages(to member_id:3)
============================================
Message high watermark: 12%
  Total messages buffered at high watermark: 573
  [Per-client message usage at high watermark]
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  Client name                          Total messages  Percentage  
  VPN Clustering HA Client                        572         99% 
  Cluster VPN Unique ID Client                      1          0% 
              
Current MRT buffer usage: 0%
  Total messages buffered in real-time: 0

  • show cluster history

    Shows the cluster history, as well as error messages about why a cluster node failed to join or why a node left the cluster.

Capturing Packets Cluster-Wide

See the following command for capturing packets in a cluster:

cluster exec capture

To support cluster-wide troubleshooting, you can enable capture of cluster-specific traffic on the control node using the cluster exec capture command, which is then automatically enabled on all of the data nodes in the cluster.

Monitoring Cluster Resources

See the following command for monitoring cluster resources:

show cluster {cpu | memory | resource} [options]

Displays aggregated data for the entire cluster. The options available depends on the data type.

Monitoring Cluster Traffic

See the following commands for monitoring cluster traffic:

  • show conn [detail], cluster exec show conn

    The show conn command shows whether a flow is a director, backup, or forwarder flow. Use the cluster exec show conn command on any node to view all connections. This command can show how traffic for a single flow arrives at different ASAs in the cluster. The throughput of the cluster is dependent on the efficiency and configuration of load balancing. This command provides an easy way to view how traffic for a connection is flowing through the cluster, and can help you understand how a load balancer might affect the performance of a flow.

    The show conn detail command also shows which flows are subject to flow mobility.

    The following is sample output for the show conn detail command: 

    
ciscoasa/ASA2/slave# show conn detail
12 in use, 13 most used
Cluster stub connections: 0 in use, 46 most used
Flags: A - awaiting inside ACK to SYN, a - awaiting outside ACK to SYN,
       B - initial SYN from outside, b - TCP state-bypass or nailed,
       C - CTIQBE media, c - cluster centralized,
       D - DNS, d - dump, E - outside back connection, e - semi-distributed,
       F - outside FIN, f - inside FIN,
       G - group, g - MGCP, H - H.323, h - H.225.0, I - inbound data,
       i - incomplete, J - GTP, j - GTP data, K - GTP t3-response
       k - Skinny media, L - LISP triggered flow owner mobility,
       M - SMTP data, m - SIP media, n - GUP
       O - outbound data, o - offloaded,
       P - inside back connection,
       Q - Diameter, q - SQL*Net data,
       R - outside acknowledged FIN,
       R - UDP SUNRPC, r - inside acknowledged FIN, S - awaiting inside SYN,
       s - awaiting outside SYN, T - SIP, t - SIP transient, U - up,
       V - VPN orphan, W - WAAS,
       w - secondary domain backup,
       X - inspected by service module,
       x - per session, Y - director stub flow, y - backup stub flow,
       Z - Scansafe redirection, z - forwarding stub flow
ESP outside: 10.1.227.1/53744 NP Identity Ifc: 10.1.226.1/30604, , flags c, idle 0s, uptime
1m21s, timeout 30s, bytes 7544, cluster sent/rcvd bytes 0/0, owners (0,255) Traffic received
at interface outside Locally received: 7544 (93 byte/s) Traffic received at interface NP
Identity Ifc Locally received: 0 (0 byte/s) UDP outside: 10.1.227.1/500 NP Identity Ifc:
10.1.226.1/500, flags -c, idle 1m22s, uptime 1m22s, timeout 2m0s, bytes 1580, cluster
sent/rcvd bytes 0/0, cluster sent/rcvd total bytes 0/0, owners (0,255) Traffic received at
interface outside Locally received: 864 (10 byte/s) Traffic received at interface NP Identity
Ifc Locally received: 716 (8 byte/s)

    To troubleshoot the connection flow, first see connections on all nodes by entering the cluster exec show conn command on any node. Look for flows that have the following flags: director (Y), backup (y), and forwarder (z). The following example shows an SSH connection from 172.18.124.187:22 to 192.168.103.131:44727 on all three ASAs; ASA 1 has the z flag showing it is a forwarder for the connection, ASA3 has the Y flag showing it is the director for the connection, and ASA2 has no special flags showing it is the owner. In the outbound direction, the packets for this connection enter the inside interface on ASA2 and exit the outside interface. In the inbound direction, the packets for this connection enter the outside interface on ASA 1 and ASA3, are forwarded over the cluster control link to ASA2, and then exit the inside interface on ASA2. 

    
ciscoasa/ASA1/master# cluster exec show conn
ASA1(LOCAL):**********************************************************
18 in use, 22 most used
Cluster stub connections: 0 in use, 5 most used
TCP outside  172.18.124.187:22 inside  192.168.103.131:44727, idle 0:00:00, bytes 37240828, flags z


ASA2:*****************************************************************
12 in use, 13 most used
Cluster stub connections: 0 in use, 46 most used
TCP outside  172.18.124.187:22 inside  192.168.103.131:44727, idle 0:00:00, bytes 37240828, flags UIO


ASA3:*****************************************************************
10 in use, 12 most used
Cluster stub connections: 2 in use, 29 most used
TCP outside  172.18.124.187:22 inside  192.168.103.131:44727, idle 0:00:03, bytes 0, flags  Y

  • show cluster info [conn-distribution | packet-distribution | loadbalance | flow-mobility counters]

    The show cluster info conn-distribution and show cluster info packet-distribution commands show traffic distribution across all cluster nodes. These commands can help you to evaluate and adjust the external load balancer.

    The show cluster info loadbalance command shows connection rebalance statistics.

    The show cluster info flow-mobility counters command shows EID movement and flow owner movement information. See the following output for show cluster info flow-mobility counters: 

    
ciscoasa# show cluster info flow-mobility counters
EID movement notification received  : 4
EID movement notification processed : 4
Flow owner moving requested         : 2

  • show cluster info load-monitor [details]

    The show cluster info load-monitor command shows the traffic load for cluster members for the last interval and also the average over total number of intervals configured (30 by default). Use the details keyword to view the value for each measure at each interval. 

    
ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info load-monitor
ID  Unit Name
0  B
1  A_1
Information from all units with 20 second interval:
Unit     Connections    Buffer Drops   Memory Used   CPU Used
Average from last 1 interval:
   0           0            0            14              25
   1           0            0            16              20
Average from last 30 interval:
   0           0            0            12              28
   1           0            0            13              27


ciscoasa(cfg-cluster)# show cluster info load-monitor details              
                                                                                           
ID  Unit Name                                                                              
 0  B                                                                                      
 1  A_1                                                                                    
Information from all units with 20 second interval                                         
                                                                                           
Connection count captured over 30 intervals:                                               
Unit ID  0                                                                                 
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
Unit ID  1                                                                                 
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
                                                                                           
Buffer drops captured over 30 intervals:                                                   
Unit ID  0                                                                                 
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
Unit ID  1                                                                                 
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
         0          0          0          0          0          0                          
                                                                                           
Memory usage(%) captured over 30 intervals:                                                   
Unit ID  0                                                                                 
        25         25         30         30         30         35                          
        25         25         35         30         30         30                          
        25         25         30         25         25         35                          
        30         30         30         25         25         25                          
        25         20         30         30         30         30                          
Unit ID  1                                                                                 
        30         25         35         25         30         30                          
        25         25         35         25         30         35                          
        30         30         35         30         30         30                          
        25         20         30         25         25         30                          
        20         30         35         30         30         35                            
                                                                                           
CPU usage(%) captured over 30 intervals:                                                      
Unit ID  0                                                                                 
        25         25         30         30         30         35                          
        25         25         35         30         30         30                          
        25         25         30         25         25         35                          
        30         30         30         25         25         25                          
        25         20         30         30         30         30                          
Unit ID  1                                                                                 
        30         25         35         25         30         30                          
        25         25         35         25         30         35                          
        30         30         35         30         30         30                          
        25         20         30         25         25         30                          
        20         30         35         30         30         35

  • show cluster {access-list | conn | traffic | user-identity | xlate} [options]

    Displays aggregated data for the entire cluster. The options available depends on the data type.

    See the following output for the show cluster access-list command: 

    
ciscoasa# show cluster access-list
hitcnt display order: cluster-wide aggregated result, unit-A, unit-B,  unit-C, unit-D
access-list cached ACL log flows: total 0, denied 0 (deny-flow-max 4096) alert-interval 300
access-list 101; 122 elements; name hash: 0xe7d586b5
access-list 101 line 1 extended permit tcp 192.168.143.0 255.255.255.0 any eq www (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0x207a2b7d
access-list 101 line 2 extended permit tcp any 192.168.143.0 255.255.255.0 (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0xfe4f4947
access-list  101 line 3 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.183 host 192.168.43.238 (hitcnt=1, 0, 0, 0, 1) 0x7b521307
access-list 101 line 4 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.116 host 192.168.43.238 (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0x5795c069
access-list 101 line 5 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.177 host 192.168.43.238 (hitcnt=1, 0, 0, 1, 0) 0x51bde7ee
access list 101 line 6 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.177 host 192.168.43.13 (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0x1e68697c
access-list 101 line 7 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.177 host 192.168.43.132 (hitcnt=2, 0, 0, 1, 1) 0xc1ce5c49
access-list 101 line 8 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.177 host 192.168.43.192 (hitcnt=3, 0, 1, 1, 1) 0xb6f59512
access-list 101 line 9 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.177 host 192.168.43.44 (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0xdc104200
access-list 101 line 10 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.112 host 192.168.43.44 (hitcnt=429, 109, 107, 109, 104)
0xce4f281d
access-list 101 line 11 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.170 host 192.168.43.238 (hitcnt=3, 1, 0, 0, 2) 0x4143a818
access-list 101 line 12 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.170 host 192.168.43.169 (hitcnt=2, 0, 1, 0, 1) 0xb18dfea4
access-list 101 line 13 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.170 host 192.168.43.229 (hitcnt=1, 1, 0, 0, 0) 0x21557d71
access-list 101 line 14 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.170 host 192.168.43.106 (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0x7316e016
access-list 101 line 15 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.170 host 192.168.43.196 (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0x013fd5b8
access-list 101 line 16 extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.170 host 192.168.43.75 (hitcnt=0, 0, 0, 0, 0) 0x2c7dba0d

    To display the aggregated count of in-use connections for all nodes, enter: 

    
ciscoasa# show cluster conn count
Usage Summary In Cluster:*********************************************
  200 in use (cluster-wide aggregated)
     cl2(LOCAL):***********************************************************
  100 in use, 100 most used

  cl1:******************************************************************
  100 in use, 100 most used

  • show asp cluster counter

    This command is useful for datapath troubleshooting.

Monitoring Cluster Routing

See the following commands for cluster routing:

  • show route cluster

  • debug route cluster

    Shows cluster information for routing.

  • show lisp eid

    Shows the ASA EID table showing EIDs and site IDs.

    See the following output from the cluster exec show lisp eid command. 

    
ciscoasa# cluster exec show lisp eid
L1(LOCAL):************************************************************
     LISP EID       Site ID
    33.44.33.105        2
    33.44.33.201        2
    11.22.11.1             4
    11.22.11.2             4
L2:*******************************************************************
     LISP EID       Site ID
    33.44.33.105        2
    33.44.33.201        2
    11.22.11.1 	 4
    11.22.11.2	 4

  • show asp table classify domain inspect-lisp

    This command is useful for troubleshooting.

Configuring Logging for Clustering

See the following command for configuring logging for clustering:

logging device-id

Each node in the cluster generates syslog messages independently. You can use the logging device-id command to generate syslog messages with identical or different device IDs to make messages appear to come from the same or different nodes in the cluster.

Monitoring Cluster Interfaces

See the following commands for monitoring cluster interfaces:

  • show cluster interface-mode

    Shows the cluster interface mode.

Debugging Clustering

See the following commands for debugging clustering:

  • debug cluster [ccp | datapath | fsm | general | hc | license | rpc | transport]

    Shows debug messages for clustering.

  • debug cluster flow-mobility

    Shows events related to clustering flow mobility.

  • debug lisp eid-notify-intercept

    Shows events when the eid-notify message is intercepted.

  • show cluster info trace

    The show cluster info trace command shows the debug information for further troubleshooting.

    See the following output for the show cluster info trace command: 

    
ciscoasa# show cluster info trace
 Feb 02 14:19:47.456 [DBUG]Receive CCP message: CCP_MSG_LOAD_BALANCE
 Feb 02 14:19:47.456 [DBUG]Receive CCP message: CCP_MSG_LOAD_BALANCE
 Feb 02 14:19:47.456 [DBUG]Send CCP message to all: CCP_MSG_KEEPALIVE from 80-1 at MASTER

Examples for ASAv Clustering

These examples include all cluster-related ASA configuration for typical deployments.

Individual Interface Routed Mode North-South Inter-Site Example

The following example shows 2 ASA cluster nodes at each of 2 data centers placed between inside and outside routers (North-South insertion). The cluster nodes are connected by the cluster control link over the DCI. The inside and outside routers at each data center use OSPF and PBR or ECMP to load balance the traffic between cluster members. By assigning a higher cost route across the DCI, traffic stays within each data center unless all ASA cluster nodes at a given site go down. In the event of a failure of all cluster nodes at one site, traffic goes from each router over the DCI to the ASA cluster nodes at the other site.

Reference for Clustering

This section includes more information about how clustering operates.

ASA Features and Clustering

Some ASA features are not supported with ASA clustering, and some are only supported on the control node. Other features might have caveats for proper usage.

Unsupported Features with Clustering

These features cannot be configured with clustering enabled, and the commands will be rejected.

  • Unified Communication features that rely on TLS Proxy

  • Remote access VPN (SSL VPN and IPsec VPN)

  • Virtual Tunnel Interfaces (VTIs)

  • The following application inspections:

    • CTIQBE

    • H323, H225, and RAS

    • IPsec passthrough

    • MGCP

    • MMP

    • RTSP

    • SCCP (Skinny)

    • WAAS

    • WCCP

  • Botnet Traffic Filter

  • Auto Update Server

  • DHCP client, server, and proxy. DHCP relay is supported.

  • VPN load balancing

  • Failover

  • Integrated Routing and Bridging

  • FIPS mode

Centralized Features for Clustering

The following features are only supported on the control node, and are not scaled for the cluster.


Note

Traffic for centralized features is forwarded from member nodes to the control node over the cluster control link.

If you use the rebalancing feature, traffic for centralized features may be rebalanced to non-control nodes before the traffic is classified as a centralized feature; if this occurs, the traffic is then sent back to the control node.

For centralized features, if the control node fails, all connections are dropped, and you have to re-establish the connections on the new control node.

  • The following application inspections:

    • DCERPC

    • ESMTP

    • IM

    • NetBIOS

    • PPTP

    • RADIUS

    • RSH

    • SNMP

    • SQLNET

    • SUNRPC

    • TFTP

    • XDMCP

  • Static route monitoring

  • Authentication and Authorization for network access. Accounting is decentralized.

  • Filtering Services

  • Site-to-site VPN

  • Multicast routing

Features Applied to Individual Nodes

These features are applied to each ASA node, instead of the cluster as a whole or to the control node.

  • QoS—The QoS policy is synced across the cluster as part of configuration replication. However, the policy is enforced on each node independently. For example, if you configure policing on output, then the conform rate and conform burst values are enforced on traffic exiting a particular ASA. In a cluster with 3 nodes and with traffic evenly distributed, the conform rate actually becomes 3 times the rate for the cluster.

  • Threat detection—Threat detection works on each node independently; for example, the top statistics is node-specific. Port scanning detection, for example, does not work because scanning traffic will be load-balanced between all nodes, and one node will not see all traffic.

  • Resource management—Resource management in multiple context mode is enforced separately on each node based on local usage.

  • LISP traffic—LISP traffic on UDP port 4342 is inspected by each receiving node, but is not assigned a director. Each node adds to the EID table that is shared across the cluster, but the LISP traffic itself does not participate in cluster state sharing.

AAA for Network Access and Clustering

AAA for network access consists of three components: authentication, authorization, and accounting. Authentication and authorization are implemented as centralized features on the clustering control node with replication of the data structures to the cluster data nodes. If a control node is elected, the new control node will have all the information it needs to continue uninterrupted operation of the established authenticated users and their associated authorizations. Idle and absolute timeouts for user authentications are preserved when a control node change occurs.

Accounting is implemented as a distributed feature in a cluster. Accounting is done on a per-flow basis, so the cluster node owning a flow will send accounting start and stop messages to the AAA server when accounting is configured for a flow.

Connection Settings and Clustering

Connection limits are enforced cluster-wide (see the set connection conn-max , set connection embryonic-conn-max , set connection per-client-embryonic-max , and set connection per-client-max commands). Each node has an estimate of the cluster-wide counter values based on broadcast messages. Due to efficiency considerations, the configured connection limit across the cluster might not be enforced exactly at the limit number. Each node may overestimate or underestimate the cluster-wide counter value at any given time. However, the information will get updated over time in a load-balanced cluster.

Dynamic Routing and Clustering

In Individual interface mode, each node runs the routing protocol as a standalone router, and routes are learned by each node independently.

Figure 1. Dynamic Routing in Individual Interface Mode

In the above diagram, Router A learns that there are 4 equal-cost paths to Router B, each through an ASA. ECMP is used to load balance traffic between the 4 paths. Each ASA picks a different router ID when talking to external routers.

You must configure a cluster pool for the router ID so that each node has a separate router ID.

EIGRP does not form neighbor relationships with cluster peers in individual interface mode.


Note

If the cluster has multiple adjacencies to the same router for redundancy purposes, asymmetric routing can lead to unacceptable traffic loss. To avoid asymmetric routing, group all of these ASA interfaces into the same traffic zone. See Configure a Traffic Zone.

FTP and Clustering

  • If FTP data channel and control channel flows are owned by different cluster members, then the data channel owner will periodically send idle timeout updates to the control channel owner and update the idle timeout value. However, if the control flow owner is reloaded, and the control flow is re-hosted, the parent/child flow relationship will not longer be maintained; the control flow idle timeout will not be updated.

  • If you use AAA for FTP access, then the control channel flow is centralized on the control node.

ICMP Inspection and Clustering

The flow of ICMP and ICMP error packets through the cluster varies depending on whether ICMP/ICMP error inspection is enabled. Without ICMP inspection, ICMP is a one-direction flow, and there is no director flow support. With ICMP inspection, the ICMP flow becomes two-directional and is backed up by a director/backup flow. One difference for an inspected ICMP flow is in the director handling of a forwarded packet: the director will forward the ICMP echo reply packet to the flow owner instead of returning the packet to the forwarder.

Multicast Routing and Clustering

In Individual interface mode, units do not act independently with multicast. All data and routing packets are processed and forwarded by the control unit, thus avoiding packet replication.

NAT and Clustering

NAT can affect the overall throughput of the cluster. Inbound and outbound NAT packets can be sent to different ASAs in the cluster, because the load balancing algorithm relies on IP addresses and ports, and NAT causes inbound and outbound packets to have different IP addresses and/or ports. When a packet arrives at the ASA that is not the NAT owner, it is forwarded over the cluster control link to the owner, causing large amounts of traffic on the cluster control link. Note that the receiving node does not create a forwarding flow to the owner, because the NAT owner may not end up creating a connection for the packet depending on the results of security and policy checks.

If you still want to use NAT in clustering, then consider the following guidelines:

  • No Proxy ARP—For Individual interfaces, a proxy ARP reply is never sent for mapped addresses. This prevents the adjacent router from maintaining a peer relationship with an ASA that may no longer be in the cluster. The upstream router needs a static route or PBR with Object Tracking for the mapped addresses that points to the Main cluster IP address. This is not an issue for a Spanned EtherChannel, because there is only one IP address associated with the cluster interface.

  • No interface PAT on an Individual interface—Interface PAT is not supported for Individual interfaces.

  • PAT with Port Block Allocation—See the following guidelines for this feature:

    • Maximum-per-host limit is not a cluster-wide limit, and is enforced on each node individually. Thus, in a 3-node cluster with the maximum-per-host limit configured as 1, if the traffic from a host is load-balanced across all 3 nodes, then it can get allocated 3 blocks with 1 in each node.

    • Port blocks created on the backup node from the backup pools are not accounted for when enforcing the maximum-per-host limit.

    • On-the-fly PAT rule modifications, where the PAT pool is modified with a completely new range of IP addresses, will result in xlate backup creation failures for the xlate backup requests that were still in transit while the new pool became effective. This behavior is not specific to the port block allocation feature, and is a transient PAT pool issue seen only in cluster deployments where the pool is distributed and traffic is load-balanced across the cluster nodes.

    • When operating in a cluster, you cannot simply change the block allocation size. The new size is effective only after you reload each device in the cluster. To avoid having to reload each device, we recommend that you delete all block allocation rules and clear all xlates related to those rules. You can then change the block size and recreate the block allocation rules.

  • NAT pool address distribution for dynamic PAT—When you configure a PAT pool, the cluster divides each IP address in the pool into port blocks. By default, each block is 512 ports, but if you configure port block allocation rules, your block setting is used instead. These blocks are distributed evenly among the nodes in the cluster, so that each node has one or more blocks for each IP address in the PAT pool. Thus, you could have as few as one IP address in a PAT pool for a cluster, if that is sufficient for the number of PAT’ed connections you expect. Port blocks cover the 1024-65535 port range, unless you configure the option to include the reserved ports, 1-1023, on the PAT pool NAT rule.

  • Reusing a PAT pool in multiple rules—To use the same PAT pool in multiple rules, you must be careful about the interface selection in the rules. You must either use specific interfaces in all rules, or "any" in all rules. You cannot mix specific interfaces and "any" across the rules, or the system might not be able to match return traffic to the right node in the cluster. Using unique PAT pools per rule is the most reliable option.

  • No round-robin—Round-robin for a PAT pool is not supported with clustering.

  • No extended PAT—Extended PAT is not supported with clustering.

  • Dynamic NAT xlates managed by the control node—The control node maintains and replicates the xlate table to data nodes. When a data node receives a connection that requires dynamic NAT, and the xlate is not in the table, it requests the xlate from the control node. The data node owns the connection.

  • Stale xlates—The xlate idle time on the connection owner does not get updated. Thus, the idle time might exceed the idle timeout. An idle timer value higher than the configured timeout with a refcnt of 0 is an indication of a stale xlate.

  • Per-session PAT feature—Although not exclusive to clustering, the per-session PAT feature improves the scalability of PAT and, for clustering, allows each data node to own PAT connections; by contrast, multi-session PAT connections have to be forwarded to and owned by the control node. By default, all TCP traffic and UDP DNS traffic use a per-session PAT xlate, whereas ICMP and all other UDP traffic uses multi-session. You can configure per-session NAT rules to change these defaults for TCP and UDP, but you cannot configure per-session PAT for ICMP. For traffic that benefits from multi-session PAT, such as H.323, SIP, or Skinny, you can disable per-session PAT for the associated TCP ports (the UDP ports for those H.323 and SIP are already multi-session by default). For more information about per-session PAT, see the firewall configuration guide.

  • No static PAT for the following inspections—

    • FTP

    • PPTP

    • RSH

    • SQLNET

    • TFTP

    • XDMCP

    • SIP

  • If you have an extremely large number of NAT rules, over ten thousand, you should enable the transactional commit model using the asp rule-engine transactional-commit nat command in the device CLI. Otherwise, the node might not be able to join the cluster.

SCTP and Clustering

An SCTP association can be created on any node (due to load balancing); its multi-homing connections must reside on the same node.

SIP Inspection and Clustering

A control flow can be created on any node (due to load balancing); its child data flows must reside on the same node.

TLS Proxy configuration is not supported.

SNMP and Clustering

An SNMP agent polls each individual ASA by its Local IP address. You cannot poll consolidated data for the cluster.

You should always use the Local address, and not the Main cluster IP address for SNMP polling. If the SNMP agent polls the Main cluster IP address, if a new control node is elected, the poll to the new control node will fail.

When using SNMPv3 with clustering, if you add a new cluster node after the initial cluster formation, then SNMPv3 users are not replicated to the new node.You must re-add them on the control node to force the users to replicate to the new node, or directly on the data node.

STUN and Clustering

STUN inspection is supported in failover and cluster modes, as pinholes are replicated. However, the transaction ID is not replicated among nodes. In the case where a node fails after receiving a STUN Request and another node received the STUN Response, the STUN Response will be dropped.

Syslog and NetFlow and Clustering

  • Syslog—Each node in the cluster generates its own syslog messages. You can configure logging so that each node uses either the same or a different device ID in the syslog message header field. For example, the hostname configuration is replicated and shared by all nodes in the cluster. If you configure logging to use the hostname as the device ID, syslog messages generated by all nodes look as if they come from a single node. If you configure logging to use the local-node name that is assigned in the cluster bootstrap configuration as the device ID, syslog messages look as if they come from different nodes.

  • NetFlow—Each node in the cluster generates its own NetFlow stream. The NetFlow collector can only treat each ASA as a separate NetFlow exporter.

Cisco TrustSec and Clustering

Only the control node learns security group tag (SGT) information. The control node then populates the SGT to data nodes, and data nodes can make a match decision for SGT based on the security policy.

VPN and Clustering

Site-to-site VPN is a centralized feature; only the control node supports VPN connections.


Note

Remote access VPN is not supported with clustering.

VPN functionality is limited to the control node and does not take advantage of the cluster high availability capabilities. If the control node fails, all existing VPN connections are lost, and VPN users will see a disruption in service. When a new control node is elected, you must reestablish the VPN connections.

For connections to an Individual interface when using PBR or ECMP, you must always connect to the Main cluster IP address, not a Local address.

VPN-related keys and certificates are replicated to all nodes.

Performance Scaling Factor

When you combine multiple units into a cluster, you can expect the total cluster performance to be approximately 80% of the maximum combined throughput.

For example, if your model can handle approximately 10 Gbps of traffic when running alone, then for a cluster of 8 units, the maximum combined throughput will be approximately 80% of 80 Gbps (8 units x 10 Gbps): 64 Gbps.

Control Node Election

Nodes of the cluster communicate over the cluster control link to elect a control node as follows:

  1. When you enable clustering for a node (or when it first starts up with clustering already enabled), it broadcasts an election request every 3 seconds.

  2. Any other nodes with a higher priority respond to the election request; the priority is set between 1 and 100, where 1 is the highest priority.

  3. If after 45 seconds, a node does not receive a response from another node with a higher priority, then it becomes the control node.


    Note

    If multiple nodes tie for the highest priority, the cluster node name and then the serial number is used to determine the control node.

  4. If a node later joins the cluster with a higher priority, it does not automatically become the control node; the existing control node always remains as the control node unless it stops responding, at which point a new control node is elected.

  5. In a "split brain" scenario when there are temporarily multiple control nodes, then the node with highest priority retains the role while the other nodes return to data node roles.


Note

You can manually force a node to become the control node. For centralized features, if you force a control node change, then all connections are dropped, and you have to re-establish the connections on the new control node.

High Availability Within the ASAv Cluster

The ASAv Clustering provides high availability by monitoring node and interface health and by replicating connection states between nodes.

Node Health Monitoring

Each node periodically sends a broadcast heartbeat packet over the cluster control link. If the control node does not receive any heartbeat packets or other packets from a data node within the configurable timeout period, then the control node removes the data node from the cluster. If the data nodes do not receive packets from the control node, then a new control node is elected from the remaining nodes.

If nodes cannot reach each other over the cluster control link because of a network failure and not because a node has actually failed, then the cluster may go into a "split brain" scenario where isolated data nodes will elect their own control nodes. For example, if a router fails between two cluster locations, then the original control node at location 1 will remove the location 2 data nodes from the cluster. Meanwhile, the nodes at location 2 will elect their own control node and form their own cluster. Note that asymmetric traffic may fail in this scenario. After the cluster control link is restored, then the control node that has the higher priority will keep the control node’s role.

See Control Node Election for more information.

Interface Monitoring

Each node monitors the link status of all named hardware interfaces in use, and reports status changes to the control node.

When you enable health monitoring, all physical interfaces are monitored by default; you can optionally disable monitoring per interface. Only named interfaces can be monitored.

A node is removed from the cluster if its monitored interfaces fail. The amount of time before the ASA removes a member from the cluster depends on whether the node is an established member or is joining the cluster. The ASA does not monitor interfaces for the first 90 seconds that a node joins the cluster. Interface status changes during this time will not cause the ASA to be removed from the cluster. The node is removed after 500 ms, regardless of the node state.

Status After Failure

When a node in the cluster fails, the connections hosted by that node are seamlessly transferred to other nodes; state information for traffic flows is shared over the control node's cluster control link.

If the control node fails, then another member of the cluster with the highest priority (lowest number) becomes the control node.

The ASA automatically tries to rejoin the cluster, depending on the failure event.


Note

When the ASA becomes inactive and fails to automatically rejoin the cluster, all data interfaces are shut down; only the management-only interface can send and receive traffic. The management interface remains up using the IP address the node received from the cluster IP pool. However if you reload, and the node is still inactive in the cluster, the management interface is disabled. You must use the console port for any further configuration.

Rejoining the Cluster

After a cluster node is removed from the cluster, how it can rejoin the cluster depends on why it was removed:

  • Failed cluster control link when initially joining—After you resolve the problem with the cluster control link, you must manually rejoin the cluster by re-enabling clustering at the CLI by entering cluster group name , and then enable.

  • Failed cluster control link after joining the cluster—The ASA automatically tries to rejoin every 5 minutes, indefinitely. This behavior is configurable.

  • Failed data interface—The ASA automatically tries to rejoin at 5 minutes, then at 10 minutes, and finally at 20 minutes. If the join is not successful after 20 minutes, then the ASA disables clustering. After you resolve the problem with the data interface, you have to manually enable clustering at the CLI by entering cluster group name , and then enable. This behavior is configurable.

  • Failed node—If the node was removed from the cluster because of a node health check failure, then rejoining the cluster depends on the source of the failure. For example, a temporary power failure means the node will rejoin the cluster when it starts up again as long as the cluster control link is up and clustering is still enabled with the enable command. The ASA attempts to rejoin the cluster every 5 seconds.

  • Internal error—Internal failures include: application sync timeout; inconsistent application statuses; and so on. A node will attempt to rejoin the cluster automatically at the following intervals: 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and then 20 minutes. This behavior is configurable.

Data Path Connection State Replication

Every connection has one owner and at least one backup owner in the cluster. The backup owner does not take over the connection in the event of a failure; instead, it stores TCP/UDP state information, so that the connection can be seamlessly transferred to a new owner in case of a failure. The backup owner is usually also the director.

Some traffic requires state information above the TCP or UDP layer. See the following table for clustering support or lack of support for this kind of traffic.

Table 1. Features Replicated Across the Cluster

Traffic

State Support

Notes

Up time

Yes

Keeps track of the system up time.

ARP Table

Yes

—

MAC address table

Yes

—

User Identity

Yes

Includes AAA rules (uauth).

IPv6 Neighbor database

Yes

—

Dynamic routing

Yes

—

SNMP Engine ID

No

—

Distributed VPN (Site-to-Site) for Firepower 4100/9300

Yes

Backup session becomes the active session, then a new backup session is created.

How the ASAv Cluster Manages Connections

Connections can be load-balanced to multiple nodes of the cluster. Connection roles determine how connections are handled in both normal operation and in a high availability situation.

Connection Roles

See the following roles defined for each connection:

  • Owner—Usually, the node that initially receives the connection. The owner maintains the TCP state and processes packets. A connection has only one owner. If the original owner fails, then when new nodes receive packets from the connection, the director chooses a new owner from those nodes.

  • Backup owner—The node that stores TCP/UDP state information received from the owner, so that the connection can be seamlessly transferred to a new owner in case of a failure. The backup owner does not take over the connection in the event of a failure. If the owner becomes unavailable, then the first node to receive packets from the connection (based on load balancing) contacts the backup owner for the relevant state information so it can become the new owner.

    As long as the director (see below) is not the same node as the owner, then the director is also the backup owner. If the owner chooses itself as the director, then a separate backup owner is chosen.

    For clustering on the Firepower 9300, which can include up to 3 cluster nodes in one chassis, if the backup owner is on the same chassis as the owner, then an additional backup owner will be chosen from another chassis to protect flows from a chassis failure.

    If you enable director localization for inter-site clustering, then there are two backup owner roles: the local backup and the global backup. The owner always chooses a local backup at the same site as itself (based on site ID). The global backup can be at any site, and might even be the same node as the local backup. The owner sends connection state information to both backups.

    If you enable site redundancy, and the backup owner is at the same site as the owner, then an additional backup owner will be chosen from another site to protect flows from a site failure. Chassis backup and site backup are independent, so in some cases a flow will have both a chassis backup and a site backup.

  • Director—The node that handles owner lookup requests from forwarders. When the owner receives a new connection, it chooses a director based on a hash of the source/destination IP address and ports (see below for ICMP hash details), and sends a message to the director to register the new connection. If packets arrive at any node other than the owner, the node queries the director about which node is the owner so it can forward the packets. A connection has only one director. If a director fails, the owner chooses a new director.

    As long as the director is not the same node as the owner, then the director is also the backup owner (see above). If the owner chooses itself as the director, then a separate backup owner is chosen.

    If you enable director localization for inter-site clustering, then there are two director roles: the local director and the global director. The owner always chooses a local director at the same site as itself (based on site ID). The global director can be at any site, and might even be the same node as the local director. If the original owner fails, then the local director chooses a new connection owner at the same site.

    ICMP/ICMPv6 hash details:

    • For Echo packets, the source port is the ICMP identifier, and the destination port is 0.

    • For Reply packets, the source port is 0, and the destination port is the ICMP identifier.

    • For other packets, both source and destination ports are 0.

  • Forwarder—A node that forwards packets to the owner. If a forwarder receives a packet for a connection it does not own, it queries the director for the owner, and then establishes a flow to the owner for any other packets it receives for this connection. The director can also be a forwarder. If you enable director localization, then the forwarder always queries the local director. The forwarder only queries the global director if the local director does not know the owner, for example, if a cluster member receives packets for a connection that is owned on a different site. Note that if a forwarder receives the SYN-ACK packet, it can derive the owner directly from a SYN cookie in the packet, so it does not need to query the director. (If you disable TCP sequence randomization, the SYN cookie is not used; a query to the director is required.) For short-lived flows such as DNS and ICMP, instead of querying, the forwarder immediately sends the packet to the director, which then sends them to the owner. A connection can have multiple forwarders; the most efficient throughput is achieved by a good load-balancing method where there are no forwarders and all packets of a connection are received by the owner.


    Note

    We do not recommend disabling TCP sequence randomization when using clustering. There is a small chance that some TCP sessions won't be established, because the SYN/ACK packet might be dropped.

  • Fragment Owner—For fragmented packets, cluster nodes that receive a fragment determine a fragment owner using a hash of the fragment source IP address, destination IP address, and the packet ID. All fragments are then forwarded to the fragment owner over the cluster control link. Fragments may be load-balanced to different cluster nodes, because only the first fragment includes the 5-tuple used in the switch load balance hash. Other fragments do not contain the source and destination ports and may be load-balanced to other cluster nodes. The fragment owner temporarily reassembles the packet so it can determine the director based on a hash of the source/destination IP address and ports. If it is a new connection, the fragment owner will register to be the connection owner. If it is an existing connection, the fragment owner forwards all fragments to the provided connection owner over the cluster control link. The connection owner will then reassemble all fragments.

When a connection uses Port Address Translation (PAT), then the PAT type (per-session or multi-session) influences which member of the cluster becomes the owner of a new connection:

  • Per-session PAT—The owner is the node that receives the initial packet in the connection.

    By default, TCP and DNS UDP traffic use per-session PAT.

  • Multi-session PAT—The owner is always the control node. If a multi-session PAT connection is initially received by a data node, then the data node forwards the connection to the control node.

    By default, UDP (except for DNS UDP) and ICMP traffic use multi-session PAT, so these connections are always owned by the control node.

You can change the per-session PAT defaults for TCP and UDP so connections for these protocols are handled per-session or multi-session depending on the configuration. For ICMP, you cannot change from the default multi-session PAT. For more information about per-session PAT, see the firewall configuration guide.

New Connection Ownership

When a new connection is directed to a node of the cluster via load balancing, that node owns both directions of the connection. If any connection packets arrive at a different node, they are forwarded to the owner node over the cluster control link. For best performance, proper external load balancing is required for both directions of a flow to arrive at the same node, and for flows to be distributed evenly between nodes. If a reverse flow arrives at a different node, it is redirected back to the original node.

Sample Data Flow for TCP

The following example shows the establishment of a new connection.

  1. The SYN packet originates from the client and is delivered to one ASA (based on the load balancing method), which becomes the owner. The owner creates a flow, encodes owner information into a SYN cookie, and forwards the packet to the server.

  2. The SYN-ACK packet originates from the server and is delivered to a different ASA (based on the load balancing method). This ASA is the forwarder.

  3. Because the forwarder does not own the connection, it decodes owner information from the SYN cookie, creates a forwarding flow to the owner, and forwards the SYN-ACK to the owner.

  4. The owner sends a state update to the director, and forwards the SYN-ACK to the client.

  5. The director receives the state update from the owner, creates a flow to the owner, and records the TCP state information as well as the owner. The director acts as the backup owner for the connection.

  6. Any subsequent packets delivered to the forwarder will be forwarded to the owner.

  7. If packets are delivered to any additional nodes, it will query the director for the owner and establish a flow.

  8. Any state change for the flow results in a state update from the owner to the director.

Sample Data Flow for ICMP and UDP

The following example shows the establishment of a new connection.

  1. Figure 2. ICMP and UDP Data Flow
    ICMP and UDP Data Flow
    The first UDP packet originates from the client and is delivered to one ASA (based on the load balancing method).

  2. The node that received the first packet queries the director node that is chosen based on a hash of the source/destination IP address and ports.

  3. The director finds no existing flow, creates a director flow and forwards the packet back to the previous node. In other words, the director has elected an owner for this flow.

  4. The owner creates the flow, sends a state update to the director, and forwards the packet to the server.

  5. The second UDP packet originates from the server and is delivered to the forwarder.

  6. The forwarder queries the director for ownership information. For short-lived flows such as DNS, instead of querying, the forwarder immediately sends the packet to the director, which then sends it to the owner.

  7. The director replies to the forwarder with ownership information.

  8. The forwarder creates a forwarding flow to record owner information and forwards the packet to the owner.

  9. The owner forwards the packet to the client.

Rebalancing New TCP Connections Across the Cluster

If the load balancing capabilities of the upstream or downstream routers result in unbalanced flow distribution, you can configure overloaded nodes to redirect new TCP flows to other nodes. No existing flows will be moved to other nodes.

History for ASAv Clustering

Feature Name

Version

Feature Information

ASAv30, ASAv50, and ASAv100 clustering for VMware and KVM

9.17(1)

The ASAv clustering lets you group up to 16 ASAvs together as a single logical device. A cluster provides all the convenience of a single device (management, integration into a network) while achieving the increased throughput and redundancy of multiple devices. The ASAv clustering supports Individual Interface mode in routed firewall mode; Spanned EtherChannels are not supported. The ASAv uses a VXLAN virtual interface (VNI) for the cluster control link.

New/Modified commands: cluster-interface vni, nve-only cluster, peer-group, show cluster info, show cluster info instance-type, show nve 1