Beginning with Cisco APIC Release 6.0(1), the APIC GUI for the path, Admin > AAA has been modified. The Work panes of Authentication, Security, and Users have been enhanced for better functionality, and ease of use.

GUI Enhancements

The Work pane for Authentication has four tabs:

• Authentication Default Settings—contains four dashlets, namely, Default Authentication, Remote Authentication, Console Athentication, SAML Management. If you need to make changes to any of these configurations, click the Edit icon, .

• Login Domains—displays the list of configured login domains.

• Providers— displays the list of configured providers.

• LDAP Groups—contains two sub-tabs, LDAP Group Maps and LDAP Group Map Rules. Each sub-tab displays the list of group maps and group map rules, respectively.

Prior to Release 6.0(1), the authentication/authorization protocols (such as, TACACS, SAML, etc) were separately appearing as tabs and for creating a provider for these protocols, you had to navigate to the respective individual tabs. Now, you can directly create a provider for any authentication/authorization protocol using the Actions button in the Providers tab, and selecting the required Realm. For the detailed procedure, see Creating a Provider.

The Work pane for Security has the following tabs:

• Security Default Settings—displays the default security settings. Click the Edit icon, , for modifying any of the displayed details.

• Security Domains—displays the list of configured security domains.

• Roles—displays the list of configured roles.

• RBAC Rules—contains two sub-tabs, RBAC Rules, Node Rules. Each sub-tab displays the list of RBAC rules and node rules, respectively.

• Certificate Authorities—displays the list of configured certificate authorities.

• Key Rings—displays the list of configured key rings.

• JWT Keys— displays the list of configured JWT keys.

• User Activity—contains two sub-tabs which the session records and user logs information.

The Work pane for Users has the following tabs:

• Local—displays the list of local users. Click the Actions icon,, to:

  • Add SSH Authorization

  • Add User Domain

  • Add X509 certificate

  • Change Password

  • Clear Password History

• Remote—displays the list of remote users.

Some of the salient changes applicable across panes/ screens are:

• To create an element—When you are on the main Work pane which has the various tabs displayed, use the Actions button to create a relevant element. For example, if you are on the Login Domains tab, select Actions > Create Login Domain to create a login domain.

• To view detailed information of an element—Click the element (such as, login domain, provider, user, role, etc), and a new pane which has details of the element is displayed on the right. If you want more details about the element, click the Details icon, , to get a completely new screen with detailed information about the element.

• To edit an element—When you are on a screen which displays details of the selected element (such as, login domain, provider, user, role, etc), click the Edit icon, , to modify/ update the displayed parameters.

• To view Event Analytics for an element—When you are on a screen which displays the details of an element, click the Event Analytics tab to see the Faults, Events and Audit Logs. This can be used for debugging and troubleshooting.

• To view Object Store details for an element (such as, login domain, user, role, etc) —Click the Actions button > Open in Object Store Browser. A new screen with a list of the elements in object store is displayed. Alternatively, you can also click the Actions icon, , which is available in the element rows, and choose Open in Object Store Browser. The Object Store screen for the selected element is displayed.

  

  Note	For the RBAC and Providers tabs, you can not access Object Store details by clicking the Actions button.

A core Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) internal data access control system provides multitenant isolation and prevents information privacy from being compromised across tenants. Read/write restrictions prevent any tenant from seeing any other tenant's configuration, statistics, faults, or event data. Unless the administrator assigns permissions to do so, tenants are restricted from reading fabric configuration, policies, statistics, faults, or events.

The APIC provides access according to a user’s role through role-based access control (RBAC). An Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) fabric user is associated with the following:

• A predefined or custom role, which is a set of one or more privileges assigned to a user

• A set of privileges, which determine the managed objects (MOs) to which the user has access

• For each role, a privilege type: no access, read-only, or read-write

• One or more security domain tags that identify the portions of the management information tree (MIT) that a user can access

Roles and Privileges

A privilege controls access to a particular function within the system. The ACI fabric manages access privileges at the managed object (MO) level. Every object holds a list of the privileges that can read from it and a list of the privileges that can write to it. All objects that correspond to a particular function will have the privilege for that function in its read or write list. Because an object might correspond to additional functions, its lists might contain multiple privileges. When a user is assigned a role that contains a privilege, the user is given read access to the associated objects whose read list specifies read access, and write access to those whose write list specifies write access.

As an example, 'fabric-equipment' is a privilege that controls access to all objects that correspond to equipment in the physical fabric. An object corresponding to equipment in the physical fabric, such as 'eqptBoard,' will have 'fabric-equipment' in its list of privileges. The 'eqptBoard' object allows read-only access for the 'fabric-equipment' privilege. When a user is assigned a role such as 'fabric-admin' that contains the privilege 'fabric-equipment,' the user will have access to those equipment objects, including read-only access to the 'eqptBoard' object.

Note

Some roles contain other roles. For example, '-admin' roles such as tenant-admin, fabric-admin, access-admin are groupings of roles with the same base name. For example, 'access-admin’ is a grouping of 'access-connectivity', 'access-equipment', 'access-protocol', and 'access-qos.' Similarly, tenant-admin is a grouping of roles with a 'tenant' base, and fabric-admin is a grouping of roles with a 'fabric' base. The 'admin' role contains all privileges.

For more details about roles and privileges see APIC Roles and Privileges Matrix.

Security Domains

A security domain is a tag associated with a certain subtree in the ACI MIT object hierarchy. For example, the default tenant "common" has a domain tag common. Similarly, the special domain tag all includes the entire MIT object tree. An administrator can assign custom domain tags to the MIT object hierarchy. For example, an administrator could assign the "solar" domain tag to the tenant named "solar." Within the MIT, only certain objects can be tagged as security domains. For example, a tenant can be tagged as a security domain, but objects within a tenant cannot.

Note	Security Domain password strength parameters can be configured by creating Custom Conditions or by selecting Any Three Conditions that are provided.

Creating a user and assigning a role to that user does not enable access rights. It is necessary to also assign the user to one or more security domains. By default, the ACI fabric includes the following special pre-created domains:

• All—allows access to the entire MIT

• Common—allows access to fabric common objects/subtrees

• Mgmt—allows access to fabric management objects/subtrees

Note

For read operations to the managed objects that a user's credentials do not allow, a "DN/Class Not Found" error is returned, not "DN/Class Unauthorized to read." For write operations to a managed object that a user's credentials do not allow, an HTTP 401 Unauthorized error is returned. In the GUI, actions that a user's credentials do not allow, either they are not presented, or they are grayed out.

A set of predefined managed object classes can be associated with domains. These classes should not have overlapping containment. Examples of classes that support domain association are as follows:

• Layer 2 and Layer 3 network managed objects

• Network profiles (such as physical, Layer 2, Layer 3, management)

• QoS policies

When an object that can be associated with a domain is created, the user must assign domains to the object within the limits of the user's access rights. Domain assignment can be modified at any time.

If a virtual machine management (VMM) domain is tagged as a security domain, the users contained in the security domain can access the correspondingly tagged VMM domain. For example, if a tenant named solar is tagged with the security domain called sun and a VMM domain is also tagged with the security domain called sun, then users in the solar tenant can access the VMM domain according to their access rights.

Starting in the 4.2(4) release, you can block a user from being able to log in after the user fails a configured number of login attempts. You can specify how many failed login attempts the user can have within a specific time period. If the user fails to log in too many times, then that user becomes unable to log in for a specified period of time.

This feature counts the failed login attempts both for local users that are in the Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) database and for remote users who get authenticated with external authentication servers, such as RADIUS, LDAP, TACACS+, DUO Proxy, SAML, or RSA. A remote user who is locked out due to consecutive authentication failures using one external authentication server type will be locked out from all external authentication server types. For example, a user who is locked out after failing to log in using a RADIUS server will also be locked out when using an LDAP server. Authentications failing due to a AAA server being unreachable or down, or due to a bad SSH key, is not counted toward locking out a user; this feature only takes into account incorrect password entries.

A user who gets locked out from one Cisco Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) node in the cluster will be locked out from all nodes in the cluster, including the leaf switches and spine switches. A local user that does not exist in the Cisco ACI database cannot be locked out due to this feature.

Note	You cannot configure this feature using the CLI.

The Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) provides the following AAA roles and privileges.

Note	With Cisco APIC release 5.0(1), the number of privileges was reduced from earlier releases, as many related legacy privileges were consolidated. Earlier privileges were remapped to current privileges.

Note	For each of the defined roles in Cisco APIC, the APIC Roles and Privileges Matrix shows which managed object classes can be written and which can be read.

• Table 1

• Table 2

• Table 3

• Table 4

• Table 5

• Table 6

• Table 7

• Table 8

• Table 9

• Table 10

• Table 11

You can create custom roles and assign privileges to the roles. The interface internally assigns one or more privileges to all managed object classes. In an XML model, privileges are assigned in an access attribute. Privilege bits are assigned at compile time and apply per class, and not per instance or object of the class.

In addition to the 45 privilege bits, the "aaa" privilege bit applies to all AAA-subsystem configuration and read operations. The following table provides a matrix of the supported privilege combinations. The rows in the table represent Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) modules and the columns represent functionality for a given module. A value of "Yes" in a cell indicates that the functionality for the module is accessible and there exists a privilege bit to access that functionality. An empty cell indicates that the particular functionality for module is not accessible by any privilege bit. See the privilege bit descriptions to learn what each bit does.

A fabric-wide administrator uses RBAC rules to selectively expose physical resources to users that otherwise are inaccessible because they are in a different security domain.

For example, if a user in tenant Solar needs access to a virtual machine management (VMM) domain, the fabric-wide admin could create an RBAC rule to allow this. The RBAC rule is comprised of these two parts: the distinguished name (DN) that locates the object to be accessed plus the name of the security domain that contains the user who will access the object. So, in this example, when designated users in the security domain Solar are logged in, this rule gives them access to the VMM domain as well as all its child objects in the tree. To give users in multiple security domains access to the VMM domain, the fabric-wide administrator would create an RBAC rule for each security domain that contains the DN for the VMM domain plus the security domain.

Note

While an RBAC rule exposes an object to a user in a different part of the management information tree, it is not possible to use the CLI to navigate to such an object by traversing the structure of the tree. However, as long as the user knows the DN of the object included in the RBAC rule, the user can use the CLI to locate it via an MO find command.

A fabric-wide administrator uses RBAC rules to provision trans-tenant EPG communications that enable shared services across tenants.

An administrator can choose not to use external AAA servers but rather configure users on the Cisco Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) itself. These users are called APIC-local users.

At the time a user sets their password, the Cisco APIC validates it against the following criteria:

• Minimum password length is 8 characters.

• Maximum password length is 64 characters.

• Has fewer than three consecutive repeated characters.

• Must have characters from at least three of the following characters types: lowercase, uppercase, digit, symbol.

• Does not use easily guessed passwords.

• Cannot be the username or the reverse of the username.

• Cannot be any variation of cisco, isco or any permutation of these characters or variants obtained by changing the capitalization of letters therein.

• Only a maximum number of 100 admin users are supported in Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI).

Note	Beginning with the 6.0(2) release, the Cisco APIC base OS was updated, including the dictionary of the easily guessed passwords. As a result, some passwords that were considered strong in earlier releases are no longer considered so now.

Cisco ACI uses a crypt library with a SHA256 one-way hash for storing passwords. At rest hashed passwords are stored in an encrypted filesystem. The key for the encrypted filesystem is protected using the Trusted Platform Module (TPM).

The Cisco APIC also enables administrators to grant access to users configured on externally managed authentication Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), RADIUS, TACACS+, or SAML servers. Users can belong to different authentication systems and can log in simultaneously to the Cisco APIC.

The following figure shows how the process works for configuring an admin user in the local Cisco APIC authentication database who has full access to the entire Cisco ACI fabric.

Note

The security domain "all" represents the entire Managed Information Tree (MIT). This domain includes all policies in the system and all nodes managed by the Cisco APIC. Tenant domains contain all the users and managed objects of a tenant. Tenant administrators should not be granted access to the "all" domain.

The following figure shows the access that the admin user Joe Stratus has to the system.

The user Joe Stratus with read-write "admin" privileges is assigned to the domain "all" which gives him full access to the entire system.

The following figure shows how the process works for configuring an admin user in an external RADIUS server who has full access to the tenant Solar.

The following figure shows the access the admin user Jane Cirrus has to the system.

In this example, the Solar tenant administrator has full access to all the objects contained in the Solar tenant as well as read-only access to the tenant Common. Tenant admin Jane Cirrus has full access to the tenant Solar, including the ability to create new users in tenant Solar. Tenant users are able to modify configuration parameters of the ACI fabric that they own and control. They also are able to read statistics and monitor faults and events for the entities (managed objects) that apply to them such as endpoints, endpoint groups (EPGs) and application profiles.

In the example above, the user Jane Cirrus was configured on an external RADIUS authentication server. To configure an AV Pair on an external authentication server, add a Cisco AV Pair to the existing user record. The Cisco AV Pair specifies the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) roles and privileges for the user on the APIC. The RADIUS server then propagates the user privileges to the APIC controller.

In the example above, the configuration for an open radius server (/etc/raddb/users) is as follows:

janecirrus Cleartext-Password := "<password>"
Cisco-avpair = "shell:domains = solar/admin/,common//read-all(16001)"

This example includes the following elements:

• janecirrus is the tenant administrator

• solar is the tenant

• admin is the role with write privileges

• common is the tenant-common subtree that all users should have read-only access to

• read-all is the role with read privileges

The Cisco APIC requires that an administrator configure a Cisco AV Pair on an external authentication server and only looks for one AV pair string. To do so, an administrator adds a Cisco AV pair to the existing user record. The Cisco AV pair specifies the APIC required RBAC roles and privileges for the user.

In order for the AV pair string to work, it must be formatted as follows:

shell:domains = 
ACI_Security_Domain_1/ACI_Write_Role_1|ACI_Write_Role_2|ACI_Write_Role_3/ACI_Read_Role_1|ACI_Read_Role_2,
ACI_Security_Domain_2/ACI_Write_Role_1|ACI_Write_Role_2|ACI_Write_Role_3/ACI_Read_Role_1|ACI_Read_Role_2,
ACI_Security_Domain_3/ACI_Write_Role_1|ACI_Write_Role_2|ACI_Write_Role_3/ACI_Read_Role_1|ACI_Read_Role_2

• shell:domains= - Required so that ACI reads the string correctly. This must always prepend the shell string.

• ACI_Security_Domain_1//admin - Grants admin read only access to the tenants in this security domain.

• ACI_Security_Domain_2/admin - Grants admin write access to the tenants in this security domain.

• ACI_Security_Domain_3/read-all - Grants read-all write access to the tenants in this security domain.

Note	/'s separate the security domain, write, read sections of the string. |’s separate multiple write or read roles within the same security domain.

Note	Starting with Cisco APIC release 2.1, if no UNIX ID is provided in AV Pair, the APIC allocates the unique UNIX user ID internally.

The APIC supports the following regexes:

shell:domains\\s*[=:]\\s*((\\S+?/\\S*?/\\S*?)(,\\S+?/\\S*?/\\S*?){0,31})(\\(\\d+\\))$
shell:domains\\s*[=:]\\s*((\\S+?/\\S*?/\\S*?)(,\\S+?/\\S*?/\\S*?){0,31})$

Examples:

• Example 1: A Cisco AV Pair that contains a single Login domain with only writeRoles:

  
  
  shell:domains=ACI_Security_Domain_1/Write_Role_1|Write_Role_2/
  

• Example 2: A Cisco AV Pair that contains a single Login domain with only readRoles:

  
  
  shell:domains=Security_Domain_1//Read_Role_1|Read_Role_2
  

Note

The "/" character is a separator between writeRoles and readRoles per Login domain and is required even if only one type of role is to be used. The Cisco AVpair string is case sensitive. Although a fault may not be seen, using mismatching cases for the domain name or roles could lead to unexpected privileges being given.

User-privileges can be modified “dynamically”, which allows the user to request for a role-change, and is allowed or denied the requested role based on information stored locally or remotely.

The role-change is only supported through the Cisco ACS server and can be done by role assignment based on explicit "request".

The ACI fabric supports external authentication using Radius, TACACS+ and LDAP protocols. Both the above-mentioned methods assume that the remote authentication server has components to support the role-change functionality.

The Cisco Secure ACS server provides the remote authentication, authorization and accounting features for the TACACS+ protocol.

Rules are matched, either with Default Device Admin or Default Network Access Service.

In the Authorization, another set of rules are configured:

• AVPairOps: matches the tacacs+ username and AVPair value (cisco-av-pair*newrole). If the rule matches, the ACI_OPS shell-profile is returned

• NoAVPair: matches only the tacacs+ username and return ACI_ADMIN shell profile on match

• opsuser: matches only the protocol and returns ACI_OPS shell profile

Follow these guidelines and limitations:

• Local users are supported. Remote AAA users are not supported.

• The APIC GUI does not support the certificate authentication method.

• WebSockets and eventchannels do not work for X.509 requests.

• Certificates signed by a third party are not supported. Use a self-signed certificate.

The Cisco Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) can be configured to collect byte count and packet count billing statistics from a port configured for routed connectivity to external networks as a shared service. The external networks are represented as external L3Out endpoint group (l3extInstP managed object) in Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI). Any EPG in any tenant can share an external L3Out EPG for routed connectivity to external networks. Billing statistics can be collected for each EPG in any tenant that uses an external L3Out EPG as a shared service. The leaf switch where the external L3Out EPG is provisioned forwards the billing statistics to the Cisco APIC where they are aggregated. Accounting policies can be configured to export these billing statics periodically to a server.