Trunk circuits connect telephone switches to one another; they do not connect end-user equipment to the network. The most common form of analog trunk circuit is the E&M interface, which uses special signaling paths that are separate from the trunk’s audio path to convey information about the calls. The signaling paths are known as the E-lead and the M-lead. The name E&M is thought to derive from the phrase Ear and Mouth or rEceive and transMit although it could also come from Earth and Magnet. The history of these names dates back to the days of telegraphy, when the CO side had a key that grounded the E circuit, and the other side had a sounder with an electromagnet attached to a battery. Descriptions such as Ear and Mouth were adopted to help field personnel determine the direction of a signal in a wire. E&M connections from routers to telephone switches or to PBXs are preferable to FXS/FXO connections because E&M provides better answer and disconnect supervision.

Like a serial port, an E&M interface has a data terminal equipment/data communications equipment (DTE/DCE) type of reference. In telecommunications, the trunking side is similar to the DCE, and is usually associated with CO functionality. The router acts as this side of the interface. The other side is referred to as the signaling side, like a DTE, and is usually a device such as a PBX. Five distinct physical configurations for the signaling part of the interface (Types I-V) use different methods to signal on-hook/off-hook status, as shown in the table below. Cisco voice implementation supports E&M Types I, II, III, and V.

The physical E&M interface is an RJ-48 connector that connects to PBX trunk lines, which are classified as either two-wire or four-wire. This refers to whether the audio path is full duplex on one pair of wires (two-wire) or on two pair of wires (four-wire). A connection may be called a four-wire E&M circuit although it actually has six to eight physical wires. It is an analog connection although an analog E&M circuit may be emulated on a digital line.

PBXs built by different manufacturers can indicate on-hook/off-hook status and telephone line seizure on the E&M interface by using any of the following three types of access signaling:

• Immediate-start is the simplest method of E&M access signaling. The calling side seizes the line by going off-hook on its E-lead and sends address information as dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) digits following a short, fixed-length pause.

• Wink-start is the most commonly used method for E&M access signaling, and is the default for E&M voice ports. Wink-start was developed to minimize glare, a condition found in immediate-start E&M, in which both ends attempt to seize a trunk at the same time. In wink-start, the calling side seizes the line by going off-hook on its E-lead, then waits for a short temporary off-hook pulse, or "wink," from the other end on its M-lead before sending address information. The switch interprets the pulse as an indication to proceed and then sends the dialed digits as DTMF or dialed pulses.

• In delay-dial signaling, the calling station seizes the line by going off-hook on its E-lead. After a timed interval, the calling side looks at the status of the called side. If the called side is on-hook, the calling side starts sending information as DTMF digits; otherwise, the calling side waits until the called side goes on-hook and then starts sending address information.

In Transmission Only (TO) mode configuration, CESoP is configured without CAS support to transport voice data using T1/E1CESoP PW. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) configures the port to Transmission Only and port is always on off-hook mode.

In this mode, signaling is not expected to provide through router.

Start dial supervision is the line protocol that defines how the equipment seizes the E&M trunk and passes the address signaling information such as dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) digits. There are three main techniques used for E&M start dial signaling:

• Immediate Start-This is the most basic protocol. In this technique, the originating switch goes off-hook, waits for a finite period of time (for example, 200 ms), then sends the dial digits to the far end.

• Wink Start—Wink is the most commonly used protocol. In this technique, the originating switch goes off-hook, waits for a temporary off-hook pulse from the other end (which is interpreted as an indication to proceed), then sends the dial digits.

• Delay Dial—In this technique, the originating side goes off-hook and waits for about 200 ms, then checks to see if the far end is on-hook. If the far end is on-hook, it then outputs dial digits. If the far end is off-hook, it waits until it goes on-hook, then outputs dial digits.