The SSH server feature enables an SSH client to make a secure, encrypted connection to a Cisco router. This connection provides functionality that is similar to that of an inbound Telnet connection. Before SSH, security was limited to Telnet security. SSH allows a strong encryption to be used with the Cisco IOS XR software authentication. The SSH server in Cisco IOS XR software works with publicly and commercially available SSH clients.

The SSH client feature is an application running over the SSH protocol to provide device authentication and encryption. The SSH client enables a Cisco router to make a secure, encrypted connection to another Cisco router or to any other device running the SSH server. This connection provides functionality that is similar to that of an outbound Telnet connection except that the connection is encrypted. With authentication and encryption, the SSH client allows for a secure communication over an insecure network.

The SSH client in the Cisco IOS XR software worked with publicly and commercially available SSH servers. The SSH client supported the ciphers of AES, 3DES, message digest algorithm 5 (MD5), SHA1, and password authentication. User authentication was performed in the Telnet session to the router. The user authentication mechanisms supported for SSH were RADIUS, TACACS+, and the use of locally stored usernames and passwords.

The SSH client supports setting DSCP value in the outgoing packets.

ssh client dscp <value from 0 – 63>

If not configured, the default DSCP value set in packets is 16 (for both client and server).

The SSH client supports the following options:

RP/0/5/CPU0:router#ssh ?
  A.B.C.D  IPv4 (A.B.C.D) address
  WORD     Hostname of the remote node
  X:X::X   IPv6 (A:B:C:D...:D) address
  vrf      vrf table for the route lookup
RP/0/5/CPU0:router#ssh 10.1.1.1 ?
  cipher            Accept cipher type
  command           Specify remote command (non-interactive)
  source-interface  Specify source interface
  username          Accept userid for authentication
  <cr>              
RP/0/5/CPU0:router#ssh 192.68.46.6 username admin command "show redundancy sum" 
Password: 


Wed Jan  9 07:05:27.997 PST
    Active Node    Standby Node
    -----------    ------------
       0/4/CPU0        0/5/CPU0 (Node Ready, NSR: Not Configured)

RP/0/5/CPU0:router#

SSH includes support for standard file transfer protocol (SFTP) , a new standard file transfer protocol introduced in SSHv2. This feature provides a secure and authenticated method for copying router configuration or router image files.

The SFTP client functionality is provided as part of the SSH component and is always enabled on the router. Therefore, a user with the appropriate level can copy files to and from the router. Like the copy command, the sftp command can be used only in EXEC mode.

The SFTP client is VRF-aware, and you may configure the secure FTP client to use the VRF associated with a particular source interface during connections attempts. The SFTP client also supports interactive mode, where the user can log on to the server to perform specific tasks via the Unix server.

The SFTP Server is a sub-system of the SSH server. In other words, when an SSH server receives an SFTP server request, the SFTP API creates the SFTP server as a child process to the SSH server. A new SFTP server instance is created with each new request.

The SFTP requests for a new SFTP server in the following steps:

• The user runs the sftp command with the required arguments

• The SFTP API internally creates a child session that interacts with the SSH server

• The SSH server creates the SFTP server child process

• The SFTP server and client interact with each other in an encrypted format

• The SFTP transfer is subject to LPTS policer "SSH-Known". Low policer values will affect SFTP transfer speeds

Note	In IOS-XR SW release 4.3.1 onwards the default policer value for SSH-Known has been reset from 2500pps to 300pps. Slower transfers are expected due to this change. You can adjust the lpts policer value for this punt cause to higher values that will allow faster transfers

When the SSH server establishes a new connection with the SSH client, the server daemon creates a new SSH server child process. The child server process builds a secure communications channel between the SSH client and server via key exchange and user authentication processes. If the SSH server receives a request for the sub-system to be an SFTP server, the SSH server daemon creates the SFTP server child process. For each incoming SFTP server subsystem request, a new SSH server child and a SFTP server instance is created. The SFTP server authenticates the user session and initiates a connection. It sets the environment for the client and the default directory for the user.

Once the initialization occurs, the SFTP server waits for the SSH_FXP_INIT message from the client, which is essential to start the file communication session. This message may then be followed by any message based on the client request. Here, the protocol adopts a 'request-response' model, where the client sends a request to the server; the server processes this request and sends a response.

The SFTP server displays the following responses:

• Status Response

• Handle Response

• Data Response

• Name Response

Note	The server must be running in order to accept incoming SFTP connections.

Verifying the authenticity of a server is the first step to a secure SSH connection. This process is called the host authentication, and is conducted to ensure that a client connects to a valid server.

The host authentication is performed using the public key of a server. The server, during the key-exchange phase, provides its public key to the client. The client checks its database for known hosts of this server and the corresponding public-key. If the client fails to find the server's IP address, it displays a warning message to the user, offering an option to either save the public key or discard it. If the server’s IP address is found, but the public-key does not match, the client closes the connection. If the public key is valid, the server is verified and a secure SSH connection is established.

The IOS XR SSH server and client had support for DSA based host authentication. But for compatibility with other products, like IOS, RSA based host authentication support is also added.

One of the method for authenticating the user in SSH protocol is RSA public-key based user authentication. The possession of a private key serves as the authentication of the user. This method works by sending a signature created with a private key of the user. Each user has a RSA keypair on the client machine. The private key of the RSA keypair remains on the client machine.

The user generates an RSA public-private key pair on a unix client using a standard key generation mechanism such as ssh-keygen. The max length of the keys supported is 4096 bits, and the minimum length is 512 bits. The following example displays a typical key generation activity:

bash-2.05b$ ssh-keygen –b 1024 –t rsa
Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus

The public key must be in base64 encoded (binary) format for it to be imported correctly into the box. You can use third party tools available on the Internet to convert the key to the binary format.

Once the public key is imported to the router, the SSH client can choose to use the public key authentication method by specifying the request using the “-o” option in the SSH client. For example:

client$ ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=publickey 1.2.3.4

If a public key is not imported to a router using the RSA method, the SSH server initiates the password based authentication. If a public key is imported, the server proposes the use of both the methods. The SSH client then chooses to use either method to establish the connection. The system allows only 10 outgoing SSH client connections.

Currently, only SSH version 2 and SFTP server support the RSA based authentication. For more information on how to import the public key to the router, see the Implementing Certification Authority Interoperability on the Cisco IOS XR Software chapter in this guide.

Note	The preferred method of authentication would be as stated in the SSH RFC. The RSA based authentication support is only for local authentication, and not for TACACS/RADIUS servers.

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) is a suite of network security services that provide the primary framework through which access control can be set up on your Cisco router or access server. For more information on AAA, see the Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Commands on the Cisco IOS XR Software module in the System Security Command Reference for Cisco CRS Routers publication and the Configuring AAA Services on the Cisco IOS XR Software Softwaremodule in the System Security Configuration Guide for Cisco CRS Routers publication.

An authentication method in which the authentication information is entered using a keyboard is known as keyboard-interactive authentication. This method is an interactive authentication method in the SSH protocol. This type of authentication allows the SSH client to support different methods of authentication without having to be aware of their underlying mechanisms.

Currently, the SSHv2 client supports the keyboard-interactive authentication. This type of authentication works only for interactive applications.

Note	The password authentication is the default authentication method. The keyboard-interactive authentication method is selected if the server is configured to support only the keyboard-interactive authentication.

A Netconf session is the logical connection between a network configuration application and a network device. A device should be capable of supporting multiple sessions and atleast one Netconf session.

Characteristics of a netconf session:

• Netconf is connection-oriented - SSH is the underlying transport.

• The netconf client establishes session with the server.

• Netconf sessions are established with the hello message. Features and capabilities are announced.

• Sessions can be terminated using the close or kill messages.

Basic Netconf operations:

• Get configuration <get-config>

• Get all information <get>

• Edit configuration <edit-config>

• Copy configuration <copy-config>

  Note	<copy-config> does not support source attribute with “data store” at present.

• <lock>, <unlock>

• <kill-session>

• <close-session>

• Commit configuration <commit>

Example: The aaa Yang model
module: Cisco-IOS-XR-aaa-lib-cfg
   +--rw aaa
      +--rw accountings
      |  +--rw accounting* [type listname]
      |     +--rw type                 xr:Cisco-ios-xr-string
      |     +--rw listname             xr:Cisco-ios-xr-string
      |     +--rw rp-failover?         Aaa-accounting-rp-failover
      |     +--rw broadcast?           Aaa-accounting-broadcast
      |     +--rw type-xr?             Aaa-accounting
      |     +--rw method*              Aaa-method
      |     +--rw server-group-name*   string
      +--rw authorizations
      |  +--rw authorization* [type listname]
      |     +--rw type                 xr:Cisco-ios-xr-string
      |     +--rw listname             xr:Cisco-ios-xr-string
      |     +--rw method*              Aaa-method
      |     +--rw server-group-name*   string
      +--rw accounting-update!
      |  +--rw type                 Aaa-accounting-update
      |  +--rw periodic-interval?   uint32
      +--rw authentications
         +--rw authentication* [type listname]
            +--rw type                 xr:Cisco-ios-xr-string
            +--rw listname             xr:Cisco-ios-xr-string
            +--rw method*              Aaa-method
            +--rw server-group-name*   string

Advantages of using the Yang model are:

• Yang supports programmatic interfaces.

• Yang supports simplified network management applications.

• Yang supports interoperability that provides a standard way to model management data.

This feature brings in the functionality of automatically generating the SSH host-key pairs for the DSA, ECDSA (such as ecdsa-nistp256 , ecdsa-nistp384 , and ecdsa-nistp521 ) and RSA algorithms. This in turn eliminates the need for explicitly generating each SSH host-key pair after the router boots up. Because the keys are already present in the system, the SSH client can establish connection with the SSH server soon after the router boots up with the basic SSH configuration. This is useful especially during zero touch provisioning (ZTP) and Golden ISO boot up scenarios.

Before the introduction of this feature, you had to execute the crypto key generate command in EXEC mode to generate the required SSH host-key pairs.

Although the host-key pairs are auto-generated with the introduction of this feature, you still have the flexibility to select only the required algorithms on the SSH server. You can use the ssh server algorithms host-key command in Global Configuration mode to achieve the same. Alternatively, you can also use the existing crypto key zeroize command in EXEC mode to remove the algorithms that are not required.

Note	In a system upgrade scenario from version 1 to version 2, the system does not generate the SSH host-key pairs automatically if they were already generated in version 1. The host-key pairs are generated automatically only if they were not generated in version 1.

• Do not use client multiplexing for heavy transfer of data as the data transfer speed is limited by the TCP speed limit. Hence, for a heavy data transfer it is advised that you run multiple SSH sessions, as the TCP speed limit is per connection.
• Client multiplexing must not be used for more than 15 concurrent channels per session simultaneously.
• You must ensure that the first channel created at the time of establishing the session is always kept alive in order for other channels to remain open.

• The line template default session-limit command is not supported for SSH.

The figure below provides an illustration of a client-server interaction over a SSH multichannel connection.

As depicted in the illustration,

• The client multiplexes the collection of channels into a single connection. This allows different operations to be performed on different channels simultaneously. The dotted lines indicate the different channels that are open for a single session.
• After receiving a request from the client to open up a channel, the server processes the request. Each request to open up a channel represents the processing of a single service.

Note	The Cisco IOX software supports server-side multiplexing only.