Configuring MPLS over GRE

This chapter describes how to configure a Virtual Private Network (VPN) generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel for moving Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) packets over a non-MPLS network.

This chapter includes the following sections:

Finding Feature Information

Your software release might not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest caveats and feature information, see the Bug Search Tool at https://tools.cisco.com/bugsearch/ and the release notes for your software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the “New and Changed Information” chapter or the Feature History table below.

Information About Configuring MPLS over GRE

This section includes the following topics:

PE-to-PE GRE Tunneling

A provider-edge-to-provider-edge (PE-to-PE) tunnel provides a scalable way to connect multiple customer networks across a non-MPLS network. With this configuration, traffic that is destined to multiple customer networks is multiplexed through a single generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel. A similar nonscalable alternative is to connect each customer network through separate GRE tunnels (for example, connecting one customer network to each GRE tunnel).

The PE devices assign virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) numbers to the customer edge (CE) devices on each side of the non-MPLS network. The PE devices use routing protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), or Routing Information Protocol (RIP) to learn about the IP networks behind the CE devices. The routes to the IP networks behind the CE devices are stored in the VRF routing table of the associated CE device.

The PE device on one side of the non-MPLS network uses routing protocols (that operate within the non-MPLS network) to learn about the PE device on the other side of the non-MPLS network. The learned routes that are established between the PE devices are then stored in the main or default routing table. PE device on the other side of the network uses BGP to learn about the routes that are associated with the customer networks that are associated with the PE devices. These learned routes are not known to the non-MPLS network.

The following figure shows BGP defining a route to the BGP neighbor (the opposing PE device) through the GRE tunnel that spans the non-MPLS network. Because routes that are learned by the BGP neighbor include the GRE tunnel next hop, all customer network traffic is sent using the GRE tunnel.

Figure 23-1 PE-to-PE GRE Tunnel

 

390068.eps

P-to-PE Tunneling

As shown in the figure below, the provider-to-provider-edge (P-to-PE) tunneling configuration provides a way to connect a PE device (P1) to a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) segment (PE-2) across a non-MPLS network. In this configuration, MPLS traffic that is destined to the other side of the non-MPLS network is sent through a single generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel.

Figure 23-2 P-to-PE GRE Tunnel

 

188952.eps

P-to-P Tunneling

As shown in the figure below, the provider-to-provider (P-to-P) configuration provides a method of connecting two Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) segments (P1 to P2) across a non-MPLS network. In this configuration, MPLS traffic that is destined to the other side of the non-MPLS network is sent through a single generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel.

Figure 23-3 P-to-P Tunnel

 

188953.eps

MPLS over GRE Tunnel with MPLS Stitching

The figure given below shows the scenario of MPLS over GRE Tunnel with MPLS Stitching.

Figure 23-4 MPLS over GRE + MPLS Stiching

503428.jpg
  • The GRE Tunnel is between PE-1 and P. MPLS is configured on the tunnels, thereby enabling MPLS over GRE tunnel.
  • When traffic is from PE-1 to PE-2, the tunnel encapsulation happens at PE-1 and the decapsulation happens at P. The tunnel terminates on P.
  • Normal MPLS is configured between P and PE-2.

The tunnel can be configured in following scenarios:

  • Tunnel is between PE to PE.
  • Tunnel is between PE to P.
  • Tunnel is between P to P.

Licensing Requirements for MPLS on GRE

The following table shows the licensing requirements for this feature:

 

Product
License Requirement

NX-OS

MPLS Layer 3 and Layer 2 VPNs require an MPLS license. For a complete explanation of the NX-OS licensing scheme, see the Cisco NX-OS Licensing Guide.

Prerequisites for Configuring MPLS over GRE

  • Ensure that your MPLS VPN is configured and working properly.

Guidelines and Limitations for Configuring MPLS over GRE

  • Starting from Cisco NX-OS Release 8.3(1), MPLS over GRE is supported on M3-Series I/O modules.
  • MPLS over GRE is supported on M1-Series and M2-Series I/O modules.
  • Layer 2 VPN over GRE is not supported on M3 series modules.
  • MPLS over GRE is not supported on F3 series modules.
  • The Tunnel stitching with MPLS GRE feature is supported only on M3 modules from Cisco NX-OS Release 8.4(2). This feature requires reload if you upgrade from releases prior to Cisco NX-OS Release 8.4(2).

Layer 3 VPN MPLS over GRE does not support the following:

  • MPLS over GRE Inter AS Option C and the generic Option C are not supported.
  • Quality of service (QoS) service policies that are configured on the tunnel interface. QoS service policies are supported on the physical interface or subinterface.
  • GRE options—Sequencing, checksum, and source route.
  • IPv6 generic routing encapsulation (GRE).
  • Advance features such as Carrier Supporting Carrier (CSC) and Interautonomous System (Inter-AS).
  • GRE-based Layer 3 VPN does not interwork with MPLS or IP VPNs. From Cisco NX-OS Release 8.4(2), the interwork support is applicable to M3 series modules.
  • GRE tunnel is supported only as a core link (PE-PE, PE-P, P-P, P-PE). A Provide-Edge to Customer-Edge (PE-CE) link is not supported.
  • IPv6 VPN forwarding using GRE tunnels.
  • Static route mapping to GRE tunnels.
  • Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) with GRE tunnels.

Layer 2 VPLS over GRE has the following configuration guidelines and limitations:

  • A VPLS instance must be configured on each Provider Edge (PE) device.
  • Load balancing at the Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) ingress or at the core is not supported for flood or multicast traffic.
  • Virtual circuit connection verification (VCCV) over flow aware transport of MPLS pseudowires (FAT PW) is not supported. The Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) load balancing for VCCV is also unsupported.

Ethernet over MPLS over GRE has the following configuration guidelines and limitations:

  • Multiple point-to-point tunnels can saturate the physical link with routing information if bandwidth is not configured correctly on a tunnel interface.
  • A tunnel may have a recursive routing problem if routing is not configured accurately. The best path to a tunnel destination through the tunnel itself; therefore recursive routing causes the tunnel interface to flap. To avoid recursive routing problems, keep control-plane routing separate from tunnel routing by using the following methods:

–blank.gif Use a different autonomous system number or tag.

–blank.gif Use a different routing protocol.

–blank.gif Ensure that static routes are used to override the first hop (watch for routing loops).

  • The following error is displayed when there is recursive routing to a tunnel destination:

%TUN-RECURDOWN Interface Tunnel 0 temporarily disabled due to recursive routing

Configuring MPLS over GRE

This section includes the following topics:

Configuring Layer 3 VPN Configuring MPLS over GRE

To configure a generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel and create a virtual point-to-point link across the non-MPLS network, you must perform this task on the devices located at both ends of the GRE tunnel.

SUMMARY STEPS

1.blank.gif feature mpls

2.blank.gif feature tunnel

3.blank.gif configure terminal

4.blank.gif interface tunnel tunnel-number

5.blank.gif ip address ip-address ip-address-mask

6.blank.gif mpls ip

7.blank.gif tunnel source source-address

8.blank.gif tunnel destination destination-address

9.blank.gif (Optional) copy running-config startup-config

DETAILED STEPS

 

Command
Purpose

Step 1

feature mpls

 

Example

switch# feature mpls

Enables MPLS-related features.

Step 2

feature tunnel

 

Example:

switch# feature tunnel

Enables tunnel-related features.

Step 3

configure terminal

 

Example:

switch# configure terminal

switch(config)#

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 4

interface tunnel tunnel-number

 

Example:

switch(config)# interface tunnel 1

switch(config-if)#

Enters interface configuration mode and creates a tunnel interface.

The range for the tunnel-number argument is from 0 to 4095.

Step 5

ip address ip-address mask

 

Example:

switch(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 3

Assigns an IP address to this tunnel interface.

Step 6

ip address ip-address mask

 

Example:

switch(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 3

Assigns an IP address to this tunnel interface.

Step 7

tunnel source source-address

 

Example:

switch(config-if)# tunnel source 10.1.1.1

Specifies the IP address of the tunnel source.

Step 8

tunnel destination destination-address

 

Example:

switch(config-if)# tunnel source 10.1.1.2

Specifies the IP address of the tunnel destination.

  • For provider edge (PE)-to-PE tunneling, configure tunnels with the same destination address.

Step 9

copy running-config startup-config

 

Example:

switch(config-router-vrf-neighbor-af)# copy running-config startup-config

(Optional) Copies the running configuration to the startup configuration.

Configuring Layer 2 VPN Configuring MPLS over GRE

Restrictions

You cannot have two tunnels using the same encapsulation mode with exactly the same source and destination addresses. The work around is to create a loopback interface and source packets from the loopback interface. This restriction is applicable only for generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnels.

SUMMARY STEPS

1.blank.gif configure terminal

2.blank.gif interface loopback number

3.blank.gif ip address ip-address mask

4.blank.gif exit

5.blank.gif interface tunnel number

6.blank.gif tunnel mode gre

7.blank.gif interface tunnel number

8.blank.gif ip address ip-address mask

9.blank.gif tunnel source { ip-address | type / number }

10.blank.gif tunnel destination { hostname | ip-address }

11.blank.gif mpls ip { propagate-ttl | ttl-expiration pop [ labels ]}

12.blank.gif exit

13.blank.gif ip route prefix mask interface-type interface-number

14.blank.gif ip route prefix mask interface-type interface-number

15.blank.gif [ no ] l2vpn vfi context context-name

16.blank.gif (Optional) description description

17.blank.gif vpn vpn-id

18.blank.gif member peer ip-address [ vc-id ] encapsulation mpls

19.blank.gif vlan configuration vlan-id

20.blank.gif member vfi context-name

21.blank.gif (Optional) copy running-config start-up config

DETAILED STEPS

Command or Action
Purpose

Step 1

configure terminal

 

switch# configure terminal

switch(config)#

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 2

interface loopback number

 

switch(config)# interface Loopback 0

switch(config-if)#

Enters interface configuration mode and configures a loopback interface.

  • The range of the number argument is from 0 to 1023.

Step 3

ip address ip-address mask

 

switch(config-if)# ip address 209.165.202.157 255.255.255.224

Configures a primary address for this interface.

Step 4

exit

 

switch(config-if)# exit

switch(config)#

Exits interface configuration mode and returns to global configuration mode.

Step 5

interface tunnel number

 

switch(config)# interface tunnel 1

switch(config-if)#

Enters interface configuration mode and configures a tunnel interface.

  • The range of the number argument is from 0 to 4095.
  • A tunnel should be independent of the endpoint physical interface type, such as TM, Gigabit, Packet over SONET (POS), and TenGigabit.
  • Up to 100 GRE tunnels are supported.

Step 6

tunnel mode gre

 

switch(config-if)# tunnel mode gre

Sets the encapsulation mode for the tunnel interface.

Step 7

interface tunnel number

 

switch(config-if)# interface Tunnel 0

Enters interface configuration mode and configures a tunnel interface.

  • The range of the number argument is from 0 to 4095.

Step 8

ip address ip-address mask

 

switch(config-if)# ip address 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.224

Configures a primary address for this interface.

Step 9

tunnel source { ip-address | type / number }

 

switch(config-if)# tunnel source 192.0.0.2

Sets the source address for a tunnel interface.

  • The source address is either an explicitly defined IP address or the IP address assigned to the specified interface.
  • GRE tunnel encapsulation and decapsulation for multicast packets are handled by the hardware. Each hardware-assisted tunnel must have a unique source. Hardware-assisted tunnels cannot share a source even if the destinations are different. You should use secondary addresses on loopback interfaces or create multiple loopback interfaces to ensure that the hardware-assisted tunnels do not share a source.

Step 10

tunnel destination { hostname | ip-address ]

 

switch(config-if)# tunnel destination 192.0.0.3

Specifies the destination for the tunnel interface.

Step 11

mpls ip { propagate-ttl | ttl-expiration-pop [ labels ]}

 

switch(config-if)# mpls ip propagate-ttl

Controls the generation of the time-to-live (TTL) field in the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) header.

  • The propagate-ttl keyword enables MPLS forwarding along normally routed paths for the interface.
  • The ttl-expiration-pop keyword specifies that packets with an expired time-to-live (TTL) value are forwarded through the original label stack.
  • The labels argument is the maximum number of labels in the packet necessary for the packet to be forwarded by means of the global IP routing table.

Step 12

exit

 

switch(config-if)# exit

switch(config)#

Exits interface configuration mode and returns to global configuration mode.

Step 13

ip route prefix mask interface-type interface-number

 

switch(config)# ip route 209.165.201.6 255.255.255.224 tunnel 1

Creates a static route for routing packets for the designated network to the specified interface.

Step 14

ip route prefix mask interface-type interface-number

 

switch(config)# ip route 209.165.201.7 255.255.255.224 tunnel 2

Creates a static route for routing packets for the designated network to the specified interface.

Step 15

[ no ] l2vpn vfi context context-name

 

switch(config)# l2vpn vfi context example

switch(config-l2vpn-vfi)#

Establishes a Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) Virtual Forwarding Interface (VFI) context between two or more separate networks.

  • The context-name argument is a unique per-interface identifier for this context. The maximum range is 100 alphanumeric, case-sensitive characters.

Note You can use the no form of this command to delete the context and the associated configuration.

Step 16

description description

 

switch(config-l2vpn-vfi)# description example

(Optional) Adds a description to the interface configuration.

  • The maximum range for the description argument is 254 alphanumeric characters.

Step 17

vpn vpn-id

 

switch(config-l2vpn-vfi)# vpn 100

Configures a VPN ID for a VFI context.

  • The emulated VCs bound to this Layer 2 VFI use this VPN ID for signaling.
  • The range of the vpn-id argument is from 1 to 4294967295.

Step 18

member peer ip-address [ vc-id ] encapsulation mpls

 

switch(config-l2vpn-vfi)# member peer 192.0.2.8 encapsulation

mpls

Configures a dynamic pseudowire member under the VFI.

Step 19

vlan configuration vlan-id

 

switch(config-l2vpn-vfi)# vlan configuration 200

switch(config-vlan-config)#

Enters VLAN configuration mode and creates a VLAN ID.

Step 20

member vfi context-name

 

switch(config-vlan-config)# member vfi example

Adds the specified VFI context as a member of this VLAN.

  • The context-name argument is a unique per-interface identifier for this context. The maximum range is 100 alphanumeric, case-sensitive characters.

Step 21

copy running-config startup-config

 

switch(config-vlan-config)# copy running-config startup-config

(Optional) Saves this configuration change.

Verifying Configuring MPLS over GRE

To verify IP tunnel configuration information, perform one of the following tasks:

Command
Purpose

show interface tunnel number

Displays the configuration for the tunnel interface (MTU, protocol, transport, and VRF). Displays input and output packets, bytes, and packet rates.

show interface tunnel number brief

Displays the operational status, IP address, encapsulation type, and MTU of the tunnel interface.

show interface tunnel number description

Displays the configured description of the tunnel interface.

show interface tunnel number status

Displays the operational status of the tunnel interface.

show interface tunnel number status err-disabled

Displays the error disabled status of the tunnel interface.

Configuration Examples for Configuring MPLS over GRE

This section includes the following topics:

Example: Configuring a GRE Tunnel That Spans a Non-MPLS Network

The following example shows how to configure a generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel configuration that spans a non-MPLS network. This example shows the tunnel configuration on the provider edge (PE) devices (PE1 and PE2) located at both ends of the tunnel:

PE1 configuration

switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# interface Tunnel 1
switch(config-if)# tunnel mode gre ip
switch(config-if)# mpls ip
switch(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
switch(config-if)# tunnel source 10.0.0.1
switch(config-if)# tunnel destination 10.0.0.2
switch(config-if)# end
 

PE2 configuration

switch# configure terminal
switch(config)# interface Tunnel 1
switch(config-if)# tunnel mode gre ip
switch(config-if)# mpls ip
switch(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
switch(config-if)# tunnel source 10.0.0.2
switch(config-if)# tunnel destination 10.0.0.1
switch(config-if)# end

Example: MPLS Configuration with PE-to-PE GRE Tunnel

The following example is for a basic PE-to-PE tunneling configuration that uses a generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel to span a non-MPLS network:

PE1 configuration

feature-set mpls
feature mpls l3vpn
feature mpls ldp
feature ospf
feature rip
feature tunnel
feature bgp
 
route-map allow permit 10
 
interface Tunnel0
/* description GRE tunnel */
mpls ip
ip address 10.1.1.1/24
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
tunnel source Ethernet7/12
tunnel destination 10.131.31.218
no shutdown
 
interface Ethernet7/12
/* description Core facing interface */
mpls ip
ip address 10.131.31.205/30
ip router rip 100
no shutdown
 
interface loopback0
/* description Loopback for creating router sessions */
ip address 10.131.31.1/32
ipv6 address 1:1::1:1/128
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
 
interface loopback1
/*description Loopback for creating alternate router sessions */
ip address 10.131.31.11/32
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
 
interface loopback11
/* description Loopback for testing vpn forwarding */
vrf member vpn1
ip address 1.1.1.1/24
ipv6 address 11:11::11:1/120
 
vrf context vpn1
rd 100:1
address-family ipv4 unicast
route-target import 100:1
route-target export 100:1
address-family ipv6 unicast
route-target import 100:1
route-target export 100:1
 
router bgp 100
address-family ipv6 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
allocate-label all
 
neighbor 10.131.31.2 remote-as 100
/* description VPNv4, VPNv6 */
update-source loopback0
address-family vpnv4 unicast
send-community extended
address-family vpnv6 unicast
send-community extended
 
neighbor 10.131.31.22 remote-as 100
/* description 6PE */
update-source loopback1
address-family ipv6 labeled-unicast
send-community extended
 
vrf vpn1
address-family ipv4 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
address-family ipv6 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
 
router ospf 100
router rip 100
 

PE2 configuration

feature-set mpls
feature mpls l3vpn
feature mpls ldp
feature ospf
feature rip
feature tunnel
feature bgp
 
route-map allow permit 10
 
interface Tunnel0
/* description GRE tunnel */
mpls ip
ip address 10.1.1.2/24
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
tunnel source Ethernet7/38
tunnel destination 10.131.31.205
no shutdown
 
interface Ethernet7/38
/* description Core facing interface */
mpls ip
ip address 10.131.31.218/30
ip router rip 100
no shutdown
 
interface loopback0
/* description Loopback for creating router sessions */
ip address 10.131.31.2/32
ipv6 address 1:1::1:2/128
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
 
interface loopback1
/* description Loopback for creating alternate router sessions */
ip address 10.131.31.22/32
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
 
interface loopback11
/* description Loopback for testing vpn forwarding */
vrf member vpn1
ip address 2.2.1.1/24
ipv6 address 22:22::22:1/120
 
vrf context vpn1
rd 100:1
address-family ipv4 unicast
route-target import 100:1
route-target export 100:1
address-family ipv6 unicast
route-target import 100:1
route-target export 100:1
 
router bgp 100
address-family ipv6 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
allocate-label all
 
neighbor 10.131.31.1 remote-as 100
/* description VPNv4, VPNv6 */
update-source loopback0
address-family vpnv4 unicast
send-community extended
address-family vpnv6 unicast
send-community extended
 
neighbor 10.131.31.11 remote-as 100
/* description 6PE */
update-source loopback1
address-family ipv6 labeled-unicast
send-community extended
 
vrf vpn1
address-family ipv4 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
address-family ipv6 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
 
router ospf 100
router rip 100
 

Example: MPLS Configuration with P-to-PE GRE Tunnel

The following example is for a basic P-to- PE tunneling configuration that uses a generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunnel to span a non-MPLS network:

P configuration

feature-set mpls
feature mpls ldp
feature ospf
feature rip
feature tunnel
feature mpls l3vpn
 
interface Tunnel0
/* description GRE tunnel */
mpls ip
ip address 10.1.1.1/24
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
tunnel source Ethernet7/14
tunnel destination 10.131.31.205
 
interface Ethernet7/14
mpls ip
ip address 10.131.31.206/30
ip router rip 100
no shutdown
 
interface Ethernet7/36
mpls ip
ip address 10.131.31.217/30
ip router rip 100
no shutdown
 
interface loopback0
ip address 10.131.31.10/32
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
 
router rip 100
router ospf 100
 

PE configuration

feature-set mpls
feature mpls l3vpn
feature mpls ldp
feature ospf
feature rip
feature tunnel
feature bgp
 
route-map allow permit 10
 
interface Tunnel0
/* description GRE tunnel */
mpls ip
ip address 10.1.1.2/24
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
tunnel source Ethernet7/12
tunnel destination 10.131.31.206
no shutdown
 
interface Ethernet7/12
/* description Core facing interface */
mpls ip
ip address 10.131.31.205/30
ip router rip 100
no shutdown
 
interface loopback0
/* description Loopback for creating router sessions */
ip address 10.131.31.1/32
ipv6 address 1:1::1:1/128
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
 
interface loopback1
/* description Loopback for creating alternate router sessions */
ip address 10.131.31.11/32
ip router ospf 100 area 0.0.0.0
 
interface loopback11
/* description Loopback for testing vpn forwarding */
vrf member vpn1
ip address 1.1.1.1/24
ipv6 address 11:11::11:1/120
 
vrf context vpn1
rd 100:1
address-family ipv4 unicast
route-target import 100:1
route-target export 100:1
address-family ipv6 unicast
route-target import 100:1
route-target export 100:1
 
router bgp 100
address-family ipv6 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
allocate-label all
 
neighbor 10.131.31.2 remote-as 100
/* description VPNv4, VPNv6 */
update-source loopback0
address-family vpnv4 unicast
send-community extended
address-family vpnv6 unicast
send-community extended
 
neighbor 10.131.31.22 remote-as 100
/* description 6PE */
update-source loopback1
address-family ipv6 labeled-unicast
send-community extended
 
vrf vpn1
address-family ipv4 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
address-family ipv6 unicast
redistribute direct route-map allow
 
router ospf 100
router rip 100

Additional References for Configuring MPLS over GRE

This section includes the following topics:

Related Documents

Related Topic
Document Title

CLI commands

Cisco Nexus 7000 Series NX-OS MPLS Command Reference

Interface commands

Cisco Nexus 7000 Series NX-OS Interface Command Reference

MIBs <Optional: remove if not applicable>

MIBs
MIBs Link
  • MPLS-L3VPN-STD-MIB

To locate and download MIBs, go to the following URL: http://www.cisco.com/dc-os/mibs

Feature History for Layer 3 VPN Configuring MPLS over GRE

Table 23-1 lists the release history for this feature.

Remove the second sentence, above, if it does not apply to the table.

 

Table 23-1 Feature History for Layer 3 VPN Mpls over GRE

Feature Name
Releases
Feature Information

MPLS over GRE to MPLS Stitching

8.4(2)

Starting from Cisco NX-OS Release 8.4(2), the GRE-based Layer 3 VPN interwork support is applicable to M3 series modules.

MPLS over GRE

8.3(1)

Starting from Cisco NX-OS Release 8.3(1), MPLS over GRE is supported on M3-Series I/O modules.

MPLS over GRE

6.2(2)

The MPLS over GRE feature provides a mechanism for tunneling Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) packets over a non-MPLS network.